Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
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Invasive <strong>grass</strong>es - impacts and threats 88<br />
<strong>Impact</strong>s <strong>of</strong> N. neesiana 91<br />
GRASSLANDS 93<br />
Definitions <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>land 93<br />
Evolution <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>lands 93<br />
<strong>Australia</strong>n <strong>grass</strong>land formations 94<br />
Floristic composition, vegetation structure and ecology 97<br />
Non-vascular plants and fungi 102<br />
Soil micr<strong>of</strong>lora 103<br />
Exotic plant components 103<br />
Rare and endangered plants 105<br />
Ecological history 108<br />
Aboriginal management 109<br />
European Management 110<br />
Mammal grazing 113<br />
Sheep and cattle 115<br />
Rabbits and hares 117<br />
Marsupials 118<br />
The role and effects <strong>of</strong> fire 119<br />
Nutrients and soil factors 124<br />
Above- and below-ground biomass 124<br />
Soil nutrient levels 124<br />
Weed invasion and nutrient enrichment 125<br />
Nitrogen dynamics <strong>of</strong> competing C 3 and C 4 <strong>grass</strong>es 126<br />
Nutrient enrichment, nutrient reduction and <strong>grass</strong>land restoration 127<br />
Soil disturbance by animals 128<br />
Native temperate <strong>grass</strong>lands <strong>of</strong> south-eastern <strong>Australia</strong> and their conservation status 130<br />
Victoria 130<br />
Gippsland Grasslands 131<br />
Northern Plains Grasslands 134<br />
Victorian Basalt Plains Grasslands 135<br />
South <strong>Australia</strong> 138<br />
Tasmania 138<br />
New South Wales and <strong>Australia</strong>n Capital Territory 139<br />
Southern Tablelands (NSW and ACT) 139<br />
Northern Tablelands (NSW) 140<br />
South West Slopes and Riverina (NSW) 141<br />
Grassland fauna 142<br />
Vertebrates 142<br />
Invertebrates 148<br />
Grass-feeding insects 153<br />
<strong>Australia</strong>n Grassland Invertebrate Faunas 156<br />
Conservation <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>land invertebrates 157<br />
<strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> N. neesiana on invertebrates 162<br />
Grassland restoration 162<br />
CONCLUSIONS 163<br />
LITERATURE REVIEW APPENDIX 166<br />
Appendix L1. Grass-feeding invertebrates <strong>of</strong> south-eastern <strong>Australia</strong>n temperate <strong>grass</strong>lands 166<br />
Nematodes <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>es and <strong>grass</strong>lands 177<br />
REFERENCES 179<br />
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