Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
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Argentina, in the provinces <strong>of</strong> Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones, are possibly not var. neesiana (Gardener 1998). The specimen<br />
from Paraguay was not assigned to a variety by Zanin (2008).<br />
Introduced range outside <strong>Australia</strong><br />
Europe, first found in Europe in France by Touchy in 1847 at Port Juvenal, Montpellier; early records from imports on hides and<br />
wool (Hayward and Druce 1919). Mediterranean (unspecified, Jessop et al. 2006); occurs “from time to time, particularly in the<br />
Mediterranean region” (Martinovský 1980); believed to be an unintentional introduction to south-western Europe “apparently ...<br />
absent as naturalized ... from the rest <strong>of</strong> Europe” (Verloove 2005). Not recognised as present in Europe outside the British Isles<br />
and the Canary Islands and Madiera by Weber (2003).<br />
British Isles: Weber (2003) considered it to be not invasive in natural areas nor solely a weed <strong>of</strong> agroecosystems. Scotland: a<br />
wool-alien first found on the banks <strong>of</strong> the River Gala below the town <strong>of</strong> Galashiels, County Selkirk by Ida Hayward in 1916<br />
(Hayward and Druce 1919); now extinct in that area (Vines 2006); recorded near wool factories (Bourdôt and Hurrell 1987a).<br />
England: found on a rubbish heap at Mortlake, Surrey, in 1916 (Hayward and Druce 1919); sometimes more or less naturalised<br />
in the south east, scattered in England (Stace 1997); “certainly” naturalised (Gardener 1998); first recorded at Mort Lake (sic) in<br />
1916, Kirkheaton in 1960, Mossley and Mauldenin 1965, Flitton in 1969 and Ware in 1988 (Gardener 1998).<br />
Portugal: including Azores (Madiera) (Martín Osorio et al. 2000, Verloove 2005), first recorded on Madiera in 1970 (Gardener<br />
1998) and known from Coimbra on the Iberian Peninsula (Vàzquez and Devesa 1996 as N. mucronata).<br />
Spain: including Alt Empordà, Rossellò near Lleida (Font et al. 2001) and Gerona in Catalonia (Verloove 2005), Madrid<br />
(Vàzquez and Devesa 1996 as N. mucronata) and the Canary Islands, specifically Gran Canaria, Gomera and Tenerife (Martín<br />
Osorio et al. 2000, Sans-Elorza et al. 2005, Verloove 2005); “becoming naturalised” (Scholz and Krigas 2004, p. 78); not<br />
considered an “established alien” in continental Spain (Gassó et al. 2009). First detected in the Canaries in May 1964 by J. Lid in<br />
the dominion <strong>of</strong> Monte Verde de Anaga on the island <strong>of</strong> Tenerife (Martín Osorio et al. 2000). Distribution maps for the Canary<br />
Islands and the Parque Rural de Anaga on Tenerife were provided by Martín Osorio et al. (2000).<br />
France: including Corsica (Martín Osorio et al. 2000, Verloove 2005), where it rapidly proliferated (Font et al. 2001);<br />
“introduced into southern France” (Barkworth 2006); “becoming naturalised” (Scholz and Krigas 2004 p. 78); recorded near<br />
wool factories (Bourdôt and Hurrell 1987a); adventive in the Montpellier region, introduced with wool and “plus et moins<br />
naturalisées ... dans des stations naturelles” (Thellung 1912 p. 654), including Port Juvénal 1847-1877, Montplaisir 1877,<br />
Lodève 1877 and Bèdarieux 1894 (op. cit. p. 94), introduced to Lodève in wool (op. cit. p. 614); present in the neighbourhood <strong>of</strong><br />
Port Juvénal “for a long period <strong>of</strong> years in the [wool] drying yards at Montplaisir near Lodève and Bèdarieux on the river Orb,<br />
both in the Hérault” in the 18th and 19th centuries, and in 1909 on beaches away from factories below St Hélène and Caras at<br />
Nice (Hayward and Druce 1919 p. 228). First recorded at Lodeve in 1847 (Gardener 1998) or 1877 (Thellung 1912), Montpellier<br />
in 1894 (Gardener 1998) and Nice in 1909 (Thellung 1912, Gardener 1998).<br />
Germany: adventive in Berlin and Anhalt (Thellung 1912); recorded at Rodleben wool factory at Rosslau, Anhalt, in 1910<br />
(Hayward and Druce 1919); recorded near wool factories (Bourdôt and Hurrell 1987a).<br />
Italy: Map: Moraldo (1986 p. 237). ‘Adventitious naturalised’ in <strong>grass</strong>y areas (Moraldo 1986 p. 217); “becoming naturalised”<br />
(Scholz and Krigas 2004 p. 78). First reported on the banks <strong>of</strong> the Polcervera near Genoa, 1904, at a tan works that had hides<br />
from Argentina (Hayward and Druce 1919, Moraldo 1986), then in other localities in Liguria (Moraldo 1986); first recorded at<br />
Bordighera in 1910 (Gardener 1998). ‘Most recently’ in Rome at Villa Ada, first collected in 1970 (Moraldo 1986 p. 217). Rome<br />
and Liguria (Verloove 2005); recorded near wool factories (Bourdôt and Hurrell 1987a).<br />
Greece: East Macedonia, Nomos and Eparchia <strong>of</strong> Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki city “mowed and watered lawn <strong>of</strong> a traffic island<br />
within the University campus, about 100 individuals in total, fragmented in patches <strong>of</strong> 10-20 individuals each”, herbarium<br />
specimen 22 May 2002 (Scholz and Krigas 2004 p. 78).<br />
South Africa (Gibbs Russell et al. 1985, Wells et al. 1986), “threatens to invade disturbed <strong>grass</strong>land areas from the Cape into the<br />
Transvaal” (Wells and Stirton 1982); first found in Barkley East in 1941, “emerging as serious weed” and common in the<br />
Eastern Cape province (Gardener 1998 p. 12), also in Free State province, at altitudes <strong>of</strong> 600-1700 m (Germishuizen and Meyer<br />
2003). First recorded from Grahamstown and Bosberg in 1968, Adelaide in 1977, Ladybrand in 1988 and Sterkstroom at an<br />
unknown date (Gardener 1998).<br />
New Zealand: Jacobs et al. (1989 Fig. 2) and Slay (2002a) provided country maps. First recorded in 1940 by H.H. Allan, with<br />
the earliest specimen undated, but probably collected in the late 1920s in Auckland (Jacobs et al. 1989, Edgar et al. 1991). A<br />
very restricted, discrete distribution. Limited to about 1500 ha <strong>of</strong> pasture in Marlborough and smaller areas in Hawkes Bay and<br />
Auckland (Bourdôt and Hurrell 1989a); 3000 ha in Marlborough by 2001, 600 ha infested in Hawkes Bay by 2002 (Slay2002).<br />
North Island: Auckland (first recorded during the late 1930s, “a few plants still occur today in a public domain at Western<br />
Springs” (Bourdôt and Ryde 1986) a “picnic area” and “a railway enthusiasts station” (Slay 2002a p. 11)), Waitakere Ranges,<br />
Waipawa (central Hawkes Bay) (Jacobs et al. 1989, Edgar et al. 1991, Edgar and Connor 2000); first collected probably in the<br />
late 1920s in the Waitakare Ranges, and c. 1962 at Hawkes Bay (Connor et al. 1993), although the Waipawa infestation possibly<br />
may have arisen from contaminated seed from Marlborough sown in the early 1950s (Slay 2002a); an estimated total <strong>of</strong> 600 ha<br />
infested in Hawkes Bay (Slay 2002a). South Island: Marlborough (roadsides and pastures near Blind River, Seddon and Lake<br />
Grassmere) (Jacobs et al. 1989, Edgar and Connor 2000), near Blenheim Airport and farms at Renwick (Connor et al. 1993),<br />
with first occurrence anecdotally dated to about 1930 (Bourdôt and Hurrell 1989a) but said to be first found there about 1945<br />
(Bourdôt and Ryde 1986). 1n 1986 it was present on 7 farms and about 30 ha at Waipawa, with isolated plants over up to 1 km<br />
along the Waipawa River, and at Blind River it was present on at least 15 farms, with c. 100 ha densely infested (Bourdôt and<br />
Ryde 1986); recently located in the Awatere valley 33 km from Blind River (Slay 2002a). The Auckland and Marlborough-<br />
Hawkes Bay populations are distinct forms, differing in a few characters, and represent separate provenances (Connor et al.<br />
1993). The Auckland material has long hairy laminae and lemma nerves, with hairs on the main lemma nerve almost reaching<br />
the corona (Jacobs et al. 1989). Weber (2003) considered it to be not invasive in natural areas or solely a weed <strong>of</strong><br />
agroecosystems.<br />
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