Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Meglitsch, P.A. (1972) Invertebrate Zoology. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, London. Melbourne, B.A.(1993) The assessment of insect biodiversity. A case study: ants and carabid beetles in grasslands of the ACT. BSc (Hons.) thesis, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. Melbourne, B.A., Gullan, P.J. and Su, Y.N. (1997) Interpreting data from pitfall-trap surveys: crickets and slugs in exotic and native grasslands of the Australian Capital Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56(2), 361-367. Melbourne, B.A., Cornell, H.V., Davies, K.F., Dugaw, C.J., Elmendorf, S., Freestone, A.L., Hall, R.J., Harrison, S., Hastings, A., Holland, M., Hoyloak, M., Lambrinos, J., Moore, K. and Yokomizo, H. (2007) Invasion in a heterogeneous world: resistance, coexistence or hostile takeover? Ecology Letters 10, 77-94. Memmott, J., Fowler, S.V., Paynter, Q., Sheppard, A.W. and Syrett, P. (2000) The invertebrate fauna on broom, Cytisus scoparius, in two native and two exotic habitats. Acta Oecologica 21(3), 213-222. Menkhorst, P.W. (Ed.) (1995a) Mammals of Victoria. Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Menkhorst, P.W. (1995b) The Victorian mammal fauna. In P.W. Menkhorst (Ed.), Mammals of Victoria. Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 5-15. Menkhorst, P.W. (1995c) Short-beaked Echidna. In P.W. Menkhorst (Ed.), Mammals of Victoria. Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 38-39. Menkhorst, P.W. (1995d) European rabbit. In P.W. Menkhorst (Ed.), Mammals of Victoria. Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 278-280. Mgobozi, M.P., Somers, M.J. and Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S. (2008) Spider responses to alien plant invasion: the effect of short- and long-term Chromolaena odorata invasion and management. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 1189-1197. Michalk, D., Kemp, D.R., Campbell, M.H. and McLaren, D.A. (1999) Control of serrated tussock – problems in developing IWM systems. In A.C. Bishop, M. Boersma and C.D. Barnes (Eds.), 12th Australian Weeds Conference Papers and Proceedings, Tasmanian Weed Society, Devenport, pp. 20-24. Michelmore, M. (2003) The Serrated Tussock Managers’ Factpack. NSW Agriculture, iv + 74 pp. Miller, L.J. and New, T.R. (1997) Mount Piper grasslands: pitfall trapping of ants and interpretation of habitat variability. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56(2), 377-381. Milton, S.J. (2004) Grasses as invasive alien plants in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 100, 69-75. Minkey, D. and Spafford Jacob, H. (2004) The significance and variability of predation of weed seeds in an agricultural landscape in Western Australia. In J. M. Cullen, D.T. Briese, D.J. Kriticos, W.M. Lonsdale, L. Morin and J.K. Scott (Eds.), Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, CSIRO, Canberra, p. 64. [Abstract] Mitchell, T.L.(1848) Journal of an expedition into the interior of tropical Australia, in search of a route from Sydney to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London. Moerkerk, M. (2005a) Machinery hygiene - what is on our vehicles? In Proceedings Second Victorian Weed Conference, 17-19 August 2005, Bendigo, Weed Society of Victoria, Frankston, pp. 99-101. Moerkerk, M. (2005b) Machinery hygiene - what is on our vehicles? Proceedings of the Tussock Terminators Research Forum at Lake Hume Resort Albury NSW 2nd-3rd November 2005. Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management, National Serrated Tussock Management Group, National Chilean Needle Grass Taskforce, Natural Heritage Trust, Department of Primary Industries Victoria, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, pp. 50-52. Moerkerk, M. (2006a) Risk of weed movement through vehicles, plant and equipment: results from a Victorian study. In C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman (Eds.), 15th Australian Weeds Conference Papers and Proceedings. Weed Management Society of South Australia Inc., Adelaide, pp. 458-461. Moerkerk, M. (2006b) Are you imorting weeds onto your property? In B. Hackney, K. Bailes, J. Pilz and H. Burns (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Grassland Society of New South Wales Inc., pp. 55-57. Monson, R.K. (1989) On the evolutionary pathways resulting in C4 photosynthesis and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Advances in Ecological Research 19, 57-110. Moon, C.D., Guillaumin, J-J., Ravel, C., Craven, K.D. and Schardl, C.L.(2007) New Neotyphodium endophyte species from the grass tribes Stipeae and Meliceae. Mycologia 99(6), 895-905. Mooney, H.A. and Drake, J.A. (1989) Biological invasions: a SCOPE program overview. In J.A.Drake, H.A. Mooney, F. di Castri, R.H. Groves, F.J. Kruger, M. Rejmanek and M. Williamson (Eds.), Biological Invasions: a Global Perspective, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) 37, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 491-508. Mooney, H.A., Zavaleta, E.S. and Hobbs, R.J. (2006) Invasive alien species – are we up to the challenge? In C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman (Eds.), 15th Australian Weeds Conference Papers and Proceedings. Weed Management Society of South Australia Inc., Adelaide, pp. 1-5. Moore, D.M. (1982) Flora Europaea Check-list and Chromosome Index. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Moore, R.M. (1973) South-eastern temperate woodlands and grasslands. In R.M. Moore (Ed.) Australian Grasslands, Corrected edition, Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp. 169-190. Moore, R.M. (1993) Grasslands of Australia. In R.T. Coupland (Ed.), Ecosystems of the World 8B. Natural Grasslands Eastern Hemisphere and Résumé, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 315-360. Moore, R.M., Condon, R.W.and Leigh, J.H. (1973) Semi-arid woodlands. In R.M. Moore (Ed.) Australian Grasslands, Corrected edition, Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp. 228-245. Moraldo, B. (1986) Il genere Stipa L. (Gramineae) in Italia. Webbia 40(2), 203-278. Morcom, L. (2004) Curly Sedge, Carex tasmanica. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 88, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, East Melbourne, 5 pp. Moretto, A.S. and Distel, R.A. (1998) Requirement of vegetation gaps for seedling establishment of two unapalatable grasses in native grassland of central Argentina. Australian Journal of Ecology 23, 419-423. Moretto, A.S. and Distel, R.A. (2002) Soil nitrogen availability under grasses of different palatability in a temperate semi-arid rangeland of central Argentina. Austral Ecology 27, 509-514. 196
Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weiss, J. (2003) Treatment of Chilean needle-grass (Nassella neesiana) in Victoria: a benefit-cost analysis. Proceedings II. Nineteenth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, 17-21 March, Manilla, Phillipines, Weed Science Society of the Philippines, pp.875-881. Morgan, J.W. (1994) The ecology of grasses and grasslands in lowland Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 111(3), 87-92. Morgan, J.W. (1995a) Ecological studies of the endangered Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides. I. Seed production, soil seed bank dynamics, population density and their effects on recruitment. Australian Journal of Botany 43, 1-11. Morgan, J.W. (1995b) Ecological studies of the endangered Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides. II. Seedling emergence and survival in a native grassland. Australian Journal of Botany 43, 13-24. Morgan, J.W. (1996) Secondary juvenile period and community recovery following late-spring burning of a kangaroo grass Themeda triandra grassland. 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Morgan, J.W. (2001) Seedling recruitment patterns over 4 years in an Australian perennial grassland community with different fire histories. Journal of Ecology 89, 908-919. Morgan, J.W. (2004) Bryophyte composition in a native grassland community subjected to different long-term fire regimes. Cunninghamia 8(4), 485-489. Morgan, J.W. and Lunt, I.D. (1999) Effects of time-since-fire on the tussock dynamics of a dominant grass (Themeda triandra) in a temperate Australian grassland. Biological Conservation 88, 379-386. Morgan, J.W. and Rollason, T.S. (1995) Base-line monitoring of a significant grassland remnant at Evans Street, Sunbury, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 112(4), 148-159. Morton, S.R. (1985) Granivory in arid regions: comparison of Australia with North and South America. Ecology 66(6), 1859-1866. Mott, J.J. and Groves, R. H. (1994) Natural and derived grasslands. In R.H. Groves (Ed.) Australian Grasslands. 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, Ch.13, pp. 369-392. Moulds, M.S. (1990) Australian Cicadas. New South Wales University Press, Kensington. Mound, L.A. and Palmer, J.M. (1972) Grass-flower infesting thrips of the genus Chirothrips Haliday in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 11, 332-339. Mound, L.A. and Heming, B.S. (1991) Thysanoptera. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia. A Textbook for Students and Research Workers. 2nd Ed., Melbourne University Press, Carlton, pp. 510-515. Mueller Dombois, D. (1973) A non-adapted vegetation interferes with water removal in a tropical rain forest area in Hawaii. Tropical Ecology 24, 1-18. Mueller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974) Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Muir, A. (1994) Western (Basalt) Plains Grassland Community. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 53, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Victoria, 12 pp. Muir, A. (2003) Small Psoralea Psoralea parva. Flora and Fanua Guarantee Action Statement No. 31, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 6 pp. Mulham, W.E. and Moore, C.W.E. (1970) The grass seed problem. The Pastoral Review 80, 105 and 107, 25 February. Mulvaney, D.J. (1964) Prehistory of the basalt plains. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (New Series) 77(2), 427-432. Murbach, L. (1900) Note on the mechanics of the seed-burying awns of Stipa avenacea. Botanical Gazette 30, 113-117. Murphy, B.P. and Bowman, D.M.J.S. (2007) The interdependence of fire, grass, kangaroos and Australian aborigines: a case study from central Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 34, 237-250. Muyt, A. (2001) Bush Invaders of South-east Australia. A Guide to the Identification and Control of Environmental Weeds found in South-east Australia. R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Meredith, Victoria. Muyt, A. (2005) Yarramundi Reach: Vegetation Survey Methods, Management Issues and Flora List. Report to the National Capital Authority, March, 20 pp. Nair, P. (2003) Farmers’ weed plea. The Regional [newspaper, Sunbury area, Victoria], 30 November. Nannfeldt, J.A. (1949) In ‘News and Notes’, Herbage Abstracts 19(1), 72. Nathan, R., Sapir, N., Trakhtenbrot, A., Katul, G.G., Bohrer, G., Otte, M., Avissar, R., Soons, M.B., Horn, H.S., Wikelski, M. and Levin, S.A. (2005) Long-distance biological transport processes through the air: can nature’s complexity be unfolded in silico? Diversity and Distributions 11, 131-137. National Herbarium of New South Wales (2009) New South Wales Flora Online. Nassella neesiana. Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswflandlvl=spandname=Nassella~neesiana [Accessed 10 June 2009]. Naumann, I.D. (1991) Hymenoptera. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia. A Textbook for Students and Research Workers. 2nd Ed., Melbourne University Press, Carlton, pp. 916-1000. Nelis, L.C. (2006) Plantas nativas y endemicas de la Ilsa Robinson Crusoe. http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org.plantguides/guide_pdfs/222-01.pdf [accessed 14 December 2006] New, T.R. (1984) Insect Conservation – An Australian Perspective. Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. New, T.R. (1994) Exotic Insects in Australia. Gleneagles Publishing, Glen Osmond, South Australia. 197
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
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grasses produced sigificantly more
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Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
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(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
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Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
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Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
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Willis (1964) considered that the f
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Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
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Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
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Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
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Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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