Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Ens, E-J. (2002a) Chilean Needle Grass (Nassella neesiana) on the Cumberland Plain: exposé of distribution and impacts on invertebrates. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, School of Geography, University of New South Wales, 102 pp. Ens, E-J. (2002b) Chilean Needle Grass (Nassella neesiana) on the Cumberland Plain: exposé of distribution and impacts on invertebrates. Honours Thesis, School of Geography, University of New South Wales, Thesis abstract, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of Australia 32(4), 33. Ens, E.-J. (2005) Nassella neesiana. Global Invasive Species Database, Invasive Species Specialist Group, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=458andfr=1andsts= Accessed 23 October 2006. Entwisle, T. (1994) Orchidaceae. In N.G. Walsh and T.J. Entwisle (Eds.), Flora of Victoria Volume 2. Ferns and Allied Plants, Conifers and Monocotyledons, Inkata Press, Melbourne, pp. 740-901. Entwisle, T., Albrecht, D. and Walsh, N. (1994) Ground flora – diversity and associations in Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 111(3), 80-86. Erakovic, L. (2005) Improved control of Chilean needle grass spread through novel slasher design. M.Eng. thesis, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne. Erakovic, L., Subic, A., Abu-Hijleh, B. and McLaren, D. (2003) Simulation models of Chilean needle-grass spread during slashing. Under Control - Pest Plant and Animal Management News No. 23, 8-9. Erlich, S. (1980) The underground grass caterpillar. Department of Agriculture Victoria Agnote 1026/80, 2 pp. Esau, K. (1977) Anatomy of Seed Plants. 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York. Eschen, R., Mortimer, S.R., Lawson, C.S., Edwards, A.R., Brook, A.J., Igual, J.M., Hedlund, K. and Schaffner, U. (2007) Carbon addition alters vegetation composition on ex-arable fields. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 95-104. Esler, A.E., Liefting, L.W. and Champion, P.D. (1993) Biological Success and Weediness of the Noxious Plants of New Zealand. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, New Zealand, April. Evans, H.C. (1991) Biological control of tropical grassy weeds. In F.W.G. Baker and P.J. Terry (Eds.), Tropical Grassy Weeds, CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 52-72. Evans, J.W. (1966) The leafhoppers and froghoppers of Australia and New Zealand. Australian Museum Memoir 12, 1-347. Evans, R.A. and Young, J.A. (1972) Competition within the grass community. In V.B. Younger and C.M. McKell (Eds.), The Biology and Utilization of Grasses. Academic Press, New York, pp. 230-246. Everson, C.S., Everson, T.M. and Tainton, N.M.(1988) Effects of intensity and height of shading on the tiller initiation of six grass species from the Haighland sourveld of Natal. South African Journal of Botany 54, 315-318. (reference not seen) Farrow, R.A. (1999) Diversity and abundance of canopy-living insects in natural grassland remnants of high conservation value in the ACT: effects of site characteristics and management. Tilembeya Consultants, Queanbeyan, Report to Environment ACT, December, 30 pp. Farrow, R.A. (2006) Diversity and abundance of canopy-living insects in natural grassland remnants of high conservation value in the ACT: II interannual variations 1999-2002. Tilembeya Consultants, Queanbeyan, Report to Environment ACT, April, 15 pp. Feldman, S.R., Bisaro, V.,Biani, N.B. and Prado, D.E. (2008) Soil salinity determines the relative abundance of C 3 /C 4 species in Argentinean grasslands. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, 708-714. Ferdinands, K., Setterfiled, S., Douglas, M. and Barratt, J. (2006) Africanising the tropical woodlands: canopy loss and tree death following gamba grass Andropogon gayanus invasion. In C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman (Eds.), 15th Australian Weeds Conference Papers and Proceedings. Weed Management Society of South Australia Inc., Adelaide, p. 296. Fernández, O.A., Gil, M.E. and Distel, R.A. (2009) The challenge of rangeland degradation in a temperate semiarid region of Argentina: the Caldenal. Land Degradation and Development 20, 431-440. Ferrar, P. (1987) A Guide to the Breeding Habits and Immature Stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden. FFG (Flora and Fauna Guarantee) SAC (Scientific Advisory Committee) (1996) Final recommendation on a nomination for listing. The invasion of native vegetation by environmental weeds. Nomination No. 360, Item No. T9610, 12 March, 4 pp. Flannery, T. F. (1994) The Future Eaters. An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People. Reed Books, Chatswood, NSW. Fletcher, M.J. and Semeraro, L. (2001) The genus Scaphoideus Uhler in Australia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Australian Journal of Entomology 40, 1-8. Font, J., Viñas, X. and Izquierdo, C. (2001). Nasella neesiana (Trin. and Rupr.) Barkworth and N. mucronata (Kunth) R.W. Pohl in Barkworth dues gramínies al•lòctones noves a Catalunya. Butlletí de la Institucio Catalana D’Història Natural 69: 67- 69. Barcelona. Foreman, P. (1997) The effects of grazing, cultivation and burning on a long-grazed species-rich remant grassland on Victoria’s Northern (Riverine) Plain. Paper presented to the Research Advisory Group of the Victorian Grassy Ecosystem Group Seminar 11 October. Foulkes, J.N. and Heard, L.M.B. (Eds.) (2003) A Biological Survey of the South East South Australia 1991 and 1997. Department of Environment and Hertiage, South Australia, Adelaide. Fox, M.D. and Fox, B.J. (1986) The susceptibility of natural communities to invasion. In R.H. Groves and J.J. Burdon (Eds.), Ecology of Biological Invasions: An Australian Perspective. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, pp. 57-66. Frederick, J. (1992) The North Central Chilean Needle Grass Project 1998-2002. Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, 29 pp. French, C. (1900) A Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria with Notes on the Methods of Prevention and Extirpation. Part III. Department of Agriculture, Melbourne. French, C. (1909) A Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria with Notes on the Methods of Prevention and Extirpation. Part IV. Department of Agriculture, Melbourne. French, C. (1911) A Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria with Notes on the Methods of Prevention and Extirpation. Part V. Department of Agriculture, Melbourne. Frith, H.J. (1973) The herbivorous wild animals. In R.M. Moore (Ed.) Australian Grasslands, Corrected edition, Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp. 74-83. Froggatt, W.W. (1910) Insects which damage saltbush. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 21, 465-470. Froyd, C.A. and Willis, K.J. (2008) Emerging issues in biodiversity and conservation management: The need for a palaeoecological perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1723-1732. Fryer, R. (2006) Appendix 1. Seed germination records. In L. Sweedman and D. Merritt (Eds.) Australian Seeds. A Guide to their Collection, Identification and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 199-219. 186
Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion to Australian Fungi. Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, South Yarra. Gagné, R.J. (2007) Species numbers of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) by zoogeographical region. Procedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109(2), 499. Gair, R., Jenkins, J.E.E. and Lester, E. (1983) Cereal Pests and Diseases. 3rd Ed., Farming Press Limited, Ipswich, UK. Gallego, L. and Distel, R.A. (2004) Phytolith assemblages in grasses native to Central Argentina. Annals of Botany 94, 865-874. Gallinal Heber, J.P., Campal, E.F., Bergalli, I., Aragone, L. and Rosengurtt, B. (1946) Descripción y análysis de los campos de Juan Jackson. Estudios sobre praderas naturales del Uruguay 5a. Contribución, pp. 95-213. [Abstract by GMR, Herbage Abstracts 17, 252-253] Gammage, B. (2009) Galahs. Australian Historical Studies 40, 275-293. Garden, D.L., Dowling, P.M., Eddy, D.A.and Nicol, H.I. (2000) A survey of farms on the Central, Southern and Monaro Tablelands of New South Wales: management practices, farmer knowledge of native grasses, and extent of native grass areas. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 1081-1088. Gardener, M.R. (1998) The biology of Nassella neesiana (Trin. and Rupr.) Barkworth (Chilean needle grass) in pastures on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales: weed or pasture? PhD thesis, University of New England, Armidale. Gardener, M.R. and Sindel, B.M. (1998) The biology of Nassella and Achnatherum species naturalized in Australia and the implications for management on conservation lands. Plant Protection Quarterly 13(2), 76-79. Gardener, M.R., Sindel, B.M. and Whalley, R.D.B.(1999) Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) –what we know and where to next? In A.C. Bishop, M. Boersma and C.D. Barnes (Eds.), 12th Australian Weeds Conference Papers and Proceedings, Tasmanian Weed Society, Devenport, pp. 8-12. Gardener, M.R., Sindel, B.M.,Whalley, R.D.B. and Earl, J.M.(2005) Can Nassella neesiana, Chilean Needle Grass, be incorporated into a grazing mangement system in Australia? In Proceedings of the Tussock Terminators Research Forum, Lake Hume Resort, Albury, NSW, 2-3 November 2005, Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management, National Serrated Tussock Management Group, National Chilean Needle Grass Taskforce, Natural Heritage Trust, Department of Primary Industries Victoria, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, pp. 2-7. Gardener, M.R., Whalley, R.D.B. and Sindel, B.M. (1996a) The failure of management technology for reproductively efficient grassy weeds: the Chilean needle grass example. In R.C.H. Shepherd (Ed.), Proceedings Eleventh Australian Weeds Conference, Melbourne 30 September - 3 October 1996, Weed Science Society of Victoria, Frankston, pp. 243-246. Gardener, M.R., Whalley, R.D.B. and Sindel, B.M. (1996b) The usefulness and ecology of Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) as a pasture in Argentina. Report to Cooperative Research Centre for Weed Management Systems, the Meat Research Corporation, Weed Society of NSW and the Matheson Landcare Group, October-November, 13 pp. Gardener, M.R., Whalley, R.D.B. and Sindel, B.M. (2003a) Ecology of Nassella neesiana, Chilean needle grass, in pastures on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. I. Seed production and dispersal. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 613-619. Gardener, M.R., Whalley, R.D.B. and Sindel, B.M. (2003b) Ecology of Nassella neesiana, Chilean needle grass, in pastures on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. II. Seed bank dynamics, seed germination, and seedling recruitment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 621-626. Garkaklis, M.J., Bradley, J.S. and Wooler, R.D. (2003) The relationship between animal foraging and nutrient patchiness in south-west Australian woodland soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41, 665-673. Gassó, N., Sol, D., Pino, J., Dana, E.D., Lloret, F., Sanz-Elorza, M., Sobrino, E. and Vilà, M. (2009) Exploring species attributes and site characteristics to assess plant invasions in Spain. Diversity and Distributions 15, 50-58. Gaur, S., McLaren, D. and Butler, K. (2005) Spraytopping as a management tool to reduce seed production in Chilean needle grass infestations. In Proceedings Second Victorian Weed Conference, 17-19 August 2005, Bendigo, Weed Society of Victoria, Frankston, pp. 121-125. Germishuizen, G. and Meyer, N.L. (Eds.) (2003) Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14, National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, 1231 pp. Gibbs Russell, G.E., Reid, C., Van Rooy, J. and Smook, L. (1985) List of species of Southern African plants. Edition 2. Recent literature and synonyms. Part 1. Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 51. Gibson, L.A. and New, T.R. (2007) Characterising insect diversity on Australia’s remnant native grasslans: ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)and beetles (Coleoptera) at Craigieburn Grasslands Reserve,Victoria. Journal of Insect Conservation 11, 409-413. Giles, B.E. (1994) Genetic biodiversity: analysing the data. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9(9), 317-319. Gill, G.S. and Davidson, R.M. (2000) Weed interference. In B.M. Sindel (Ed.), Australian Weed Management Systems, R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Melbourne, pp. 61-80. Gilmore, D., Koehler, S., O’Dwyer, C. and Moore, W. (2008) Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae): results of a broad survey of populations around Melbourne. Victorian Naturalist 125(2), 39-46. Glanznig, A. and Kessal, O. (2004) Invasive Plants of National Importance and their Legal Status by State and Territory. WWF Australia, Sydney, June, 28 pp. Goodyer, G.J. (1983) Armyworm caterpillars. Department of Agriculture New South Wales AGFACT AE.15, 6 pp. Gott, B. (1983) Murnong - Microseris scapigera: a study of a staple food of Victorian Aborigines. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1983(2), 2-18. Gott, B. (1999) Koorie use and management of the Plains. In R.N. Jones (Ed.), The Great Plains Crash. Proceedings of a Conference on the Grasslands and Grassy Woodlands of Victoria. Victorian Institute of Technology October 2nd and 3rd, 1992, Indigenous Flora and Fauna Association and Victorian National Parks Association, pp. 41-45. GPWG (Grass Phylogeny Working Group) (2001) Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 88(3), 373-457. Gray, A.J., Raybould, A.F. and Brown, S.L. (1997)The environmental impacts of Spartina anglica: past, present and predicted. In K. Patten (Ed.), Second International Spartina Conference Proceeedings, Washington State University, pp. 39-45. Grech, C. (2004) Does Chilean needle grass have any feed value? Chilean needle grass grazing management – interim results. Under Control – Pest Plant and Animal Management News 28, 9. Grech, C. (2005a) Getting the taste for Chilean needle grass – results of grazing trials. Under Control – Pest Plant and Animal Management News 29, 8. Grech, C. (2005b) Spread the good seed – NOT the bad. Under Control – Pest Plant and Animal Management News 29, 8. 187
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
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grasses produced sigificantly more
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Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
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(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
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Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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