Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Coupland, R.T. (1992) Overview of South American grasslands. In R.T. Coupland (Ed.), Ecosystems of the World 8A. Natural Grasslands. Introduction and Western Hemisphere. Elsevier Sceince Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 363-366. Coutts, P.J.F. (1982) Prehistory. In J.S. Duncan (Ed.) Atlas of Victoria. Victorian Government Printing Office, Melbourne, pp. 67-73. Coutts-Smith, A. and Downey, P. (2006) Impact of weeds on threatened biodiversity in New South Wales. Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management Technical Series No. 11. Cox, G.W. (2004) Alien Species and Evolution. The Evolutionary Ecology of Exotic Plants, Animals, Microbes and Interacting Native Species. Island Press, Washington, USA. Craigie, V. (1993) Laverton North Grassland Reserve Draft Management Plan. Melbourne Region, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Cribb, A.B. and Cribb, J.W. (1974) Wild Food in Australia. Collins, Sydney. Crosby, A.W. (1986) Ecological Imperialism. The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Cambrdige University Press, Cambridge. Culley, T.M. and Klooster, M.R. (2007) The cleistogamous breeding system: a review of its frequency, evolution, and ecology in angiosperms. The Botanical Review 73(1), 1-30. Cumber, R.A. (1959) The insect complex of sown pastures in the North Island IV. The Coleoptera as revealed by summer sweep-sampling. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 2, 763-772. Dahlhaus, P., Cox, J., MacEwan, R. and Codd, P.(2003) Victorian Volcanic Plains Scoping Study. CSIRO Land and Water, Final Report for Corangamite Catchment Management Authority, 84 pp. Dale, A.B. (1975) Birds and grain crops in northern New South Wales. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife: Conflict or Coexistence? held at the University of New England, 17-19 August 1975. University of New England, Armidale, pp.140-142. Dalton, S. (2000) Chilean needle grass the latest weed threat. The Weekly Times, 2 February, p. 29. Daniell, A. (1994) The impact of terrestrial molluscs on native vegetation in south-eastern Australia. Victorian Naturalist 111, 218-222. D’Antonio, C.M., Dudley, T.L. and Mack, M. (1999). Disturbance and biological invasions: direct effects and feedbacks. In L.R. Walter (Ed.), Ecosystems of the World 16. Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 413-52. D’Antonio, C.M. and Vitousek, P.M. (1992) Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23, 63-87. Dare, R. and Hocking, C. (1997) Control of Chilean needle-grass using selected herbicides and replacement with kangaroo grass. Paper presented to the Research Advisory Group of the Victorian Grassy Ecosystem Group Seminar 11 October. Darwin, C. (1845?) The Voyage of the ‘Beagle’. 2nd Ed., Heron Books. Davidse, G. (1986) Fruit dispersal in the Poaceae. In T.S. Soderstrom, K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell and M.E. Barkworth (Eds.), Grass Systematics and Evolution, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, USA, pp. 143-155. Davidson, R.L. (1982) An ecological view of pasture pests on the Northern Tablelands of NSW. In K.E. Lee (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology, Adelaide 30 November – 4 December, pp. 67-74. Davies, R. J.-P. (1997). Weed Management in Temperate Native Grasslands and Box Grassy Woodlands in South Australia. Botanic Gardens of Adelaide/Environment Australia, Athelstone, South Australia. Davis, M.A., Grime, J.P. and Thompson, K. (2000) Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility. Journal of Ecology 88, 528-534. Day, M.F. and Fletcher, M.J. (1994) An annotated catalogue of the Australian Cicadelloidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorryncha). Invertebrate Tasxonomy 8, 1117-1288. Dear, C. (1996) Distribution of Synemon plana: a new encounter. Victorian Entomologist 26(2), 26-28. D’Elía, G., Pardinas, U.F.J., Jayat, J.P. and Salazar-Bravo, J. (2008) Systematics of Necromys (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae): species limits and groups, with comments on historical biogeography. Journal of Mammalogy 89(3), 778-790. Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007) Corangamite Water Skink (Eulamprus tympanum marnieae). Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 2 pp. Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) (2009a) Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act threatened list – July 2009. http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628/0/4AC71110D293ED14CA25760800132DD7/$File/20090804+FFG+threatened+list.pdf Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) (2009b) Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act processes list – July 2009. http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628/0/4A38EF8FD5BAE502CA257601000134BF/$File/Updated+FFG+processes+list+July+2009.p df De Santis, L. and Loiácono de Silva, M.S. (1981) Insectos que destruyen el espartillo Stipa brachychaeta y sus parasitoides. Journadas Fitosantarias Argentinas IV. Resumenes (Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Facultad de Cincias Agropecuraris, 19, 20 and 21 August 1981), 115-116. De Santis, L. and Loiácono de Silva, M.S. (1983) Insectos que destruyen el espartillo (Stipa brachychaeta) y sus parasitoides. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 20, 402-427. De Triquell, A.A. (1986) Grass gametophytes: their orign, structure and relation with the sporophyte. In T.S. Soderstrom, K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell and M.E. Barkworth (Eds.), Grass Systematics and Evolution, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, USA, pp. 11-20. De Wet, J.M.J. (1986) Hybridization and polyploidy in the Poaceae. In T.S. Soderstrom, K.W. Hilu, C.S.Campbell and M.E. Barkworth (Eds.), Grass Systematics and Evolution, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, USA, pp. 188-194. DEWHA (Department of Environment, Heritage, Water and the Arts) (2008) Commonweatlh listing device on Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain. http://www.environment.gov.au/cgibin/sprat/public.publicshowcommuninty.pl?id=42andstatus=Critically%20Endangered Distel, R.A., Pietragalla, J., Rodríguez Iglesias, R.M., Didoné, N.G. and Andrioli, R.J. (2008) Restoration of palatable grasses: a study case in degraded rangelands of central Argentina. Journal of Arid Environments doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.04.007 Dixon, J.M. (1989) Thylacinidae. In D.M. Walton and B.J. Richardson (Eds.), Fauna of Australia Volume 1B. Mammalia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp. 549-559. DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (1997) Victoria’s Biodiversity- Directions in Management. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, 149 pp. 184
DNRE (Department of Natural Resources and Environment) (2000) Code of Practice for Providing Chemical Information to Clients. Chemical Standards Branch, DNRE, Melbourne. Dodd, A.J., Williams, N.S.G. and McDonnell, M.J. (2007) Seed bank spatial dynamics and plant invasions in Victoria’s western basalt plains grasslands. Proceedings Third Victorian Weed Conference, ’Earth Wind Fire Water and Weeds’, Bendigo, Victoria, 3-4 October 2007, Weed Society of Victoria, p. 121. Dorrough, J., Ash, J. and McIntyre, S. (2004) Plant responses to livestock grazing in an Australian temperate grassland. Ecography 27, 798-810. Douglas, F. (2000) Sun moths in the back paddock. In T. Barlow and R. Thorburn (Eds.), Balancing Conservation and Production in Grassy Landscapes. Proceedings of the Bushcare Grassy Landscapes Conference, Clare, South Australia, 19-21 August 1999. Environment Australia, Canberra, pp. 56-57. Douglas, F. (2003a) Sun-moths, Lepidoptera: Castniidae: a reference resource. Victorian Entomologist 33(6), 96-97. Douglas, F. (2003b) Five threatened Victorian Sun-moths (Synemon species). Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 146, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 11 pp. Douglas, F. and Marriott, P. (2003) Some notes on the Sun-moths, Lepidoptera: Castniidae. Victorian Entomologist 33(6), 90, 95. Downey, P.O. (2008) Determination and management of alien plant impacts on biodiversity: examples from New South Wales, Australia. In B. Tokarska-Guzik, J.H. Brock, G. Brundu, L. Child, C.C. Daehler and P. Pyšek (Eds.), Plant Invasions: Human Perception, Ecological Impacts and Management, pp. 369-385. Downey, P.O. and Cherry, H. (2005) Delivering strategic conservation outcomes through the integrated management of bitou bush, a Weed of National Significance. In Proceedings Second Victorian Weed Conference, 17-19 August 2005, Bendigo, Weed Society of Victoria, Frankston, pp. 41-45. Downey, P.O. and Coutts-Smith, A.J. (2006) Biodiversity threatened by weeds in New South Wales. In C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman (Eds.), 15th Australian Weeds Conference Papers and Proceedings. Weed Management Society of South Australia Inc., Adelaide, pp. 803-806. DPIW (Department of Primary Industries and Water), Tasmania (2007) Chilean Needle Grass – Statutory Weed Management Plan. http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/intertext.nsf/WebPages/TPRY-5D82GC?open, 19 June. [Accessed 27 June 2007] Driscoll, D.A. (1994) Invertebrates of lowland native grasslands in the Australian Capital Territory: conservation and research strategies for a recovery plan. ACT Parks and Conservation Service Technical Report 9, v + 41 pp. Dukes, J.S. (2002) Species composition and diversity affect grassland susceptibility and response to invasion. Ecological Applications 12(2), 602- 617. Duncan, M.R. (1993) Chilean needle grass. New South Wales Agriculture and Fisheries Agnote 2/082, 1st Ed., 4 pp. Dunin, F. (1999) Water use by Kangaroo Grass Themeda triandra communities. Native Grass South Australia 1(3), 49, 59. Dunin, F.X. and Reyenga, W. (1978) Evaporation from a Themeda grassland I. Controls imposed on the process in a sub-humid environment. Journal of Applied Ecology 15, 317-325. Dunn, K.L. (1996) Territorial and oviposition behaviour in the sun moth Synemon laeta Walk. (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Victorian Entomologist 36(2), 36-39. Dunstan, P.K. and Johnson, C.R. (2006) Linking richness, community variability, and invasion resistance with patch size. Ecology 87(11), 2842- 2850. Durrell, G. (1964) The Whispering Land. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK. Dyksterhuis, E.J. (1945) Axillary cleistogenes in Stipa leucotricha and their role in nature. Ecology 26(2), 195-199. Earl, G., Barlow, T. and Morrees, A. (2003) Twelve threatened Swainson-peas and Darling-peas (Swainsona species). Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 126, Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, 19 pp. Eddy, D., Mallinson, D., Rehwinkel, R. and Sharp, S. (1998) Grassland Flora. A Field Guide for the Southern Tablelands (NSW and ACT). World Wide Fund for Nature Australia, Australian National Botanic Gardens, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, NSW Dept. of Land and Water Conservation, Natural Heritage Trust, Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority and Environment ACT, Canberra. Edgar, E. and Connor, H.E. (2000) Flora of New Zealand Volume V. Gramineae. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. Edgar, E., O’Brien,M.-A. and Connor, H.E. (1991) Checklist of pooid grasses naturalised in New Zealand. 1. Tribes Nardeae, Stipeae, Hainardieae, Meliceae, and Aveneae. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29, 101-116. Edwards, E.D. (1993) Golden sun moth. Australian Natural History 24(6), 16-17. Edwards, E.D. (1994) Survey of lowland grassland sites in A.C.T. for the Golden Sun Moth, Synemon plana. Report to the Wildlife Research Unit, ACT Parks and Conservation Service, 42 pp. Edwards, E.D. (1996) Castniidae. In E.S. Nielsen, E.D. Edwards and T.V. Rangsi (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. CSIRO, Canberra, p. 138. Edwards, E.D. (1997a) Moths in the sun. ANIC News (Australian National Insect Collection, CSRIO Entomology) No. 10, pp.7-8. Edwards, E.D. (1997b) Castniidae and the Republic. ANIC News (Australian National Insect Collection, CSRIO Entomology) No. 11, pp.8-9. Edwards, E.D. (2002) Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). In K. Green (Ed.), Biodiversity in the Snowy Mountains, Australian Institute of Alpine Studies, Jindabyne, NSW, pp. 58-72. Edwards, E.D. and Fairey, K.D. (1996) Anthelidae. In E.S. Nielsen, E.D. Edwards and T.V. Rangsi (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. CSIRO, Canberra, pp. 258-260. Elias, S.A. (1994) Quaternary Insects and their Environments. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. Eldridge, D.J. and Rath, D. (2002) Hip holes: kangaroo (Macropus spp.) resting sites modify the physical and chemical environment of woodland soils. Austral Ecology 27(5), 527-536. Eldridge, D.J. and Mensinga, A. (2007) Foraging pits of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) as small-scale patches in a semi-arid Australian box woodland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.11.016 [obtain final ref] Ellis, B.A. (1975) Macropods and their diet. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife: Conflict or Coexistence? held at the University of New England, 17-19 August 1975. University of New England, Armidale, pp. 73-79. Endersby, I. and Koehler, S. (2006) Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana: discovery of new populations around Melbourne. Victorian Naturalist 123(6), 362-365. 185
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
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grasses produced sigificantly more
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Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
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(Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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