Tylenchorhynchus annulatus Dolichodoridae Vic Tylenchorhynchus clarus Dolichodoridae SA Xiphinema americanum Neotylenchidae SA Xiphinema monohysterum Neotylenchidae Vic *Digitaria sanguinalis Scutellonema clariceps Hoplolaimidae NSW *Eragrostis cilianensis Paratrichodorus lobatus ? SA *Holcus lanatus Anguina sp. Anguinidae SA, Vic Pratylenchus penetrans Pratylenchidae Vic *Hordeum leporinum Heterodera avenae Heteroderidae NSW, Vic Pratylenchus neglectus Pratylenchidae Vic *Hordeum marinum Pratylenchus neglectus Pratylenchidae SA Lachnagrostis filiformis Anguina sp. Anguinidae NSW *Lolium perenne Heteodera avenae Heteroderidae NSW, Vic Pratylenchus crenatus Pratylenchidae NSW Pratylenchus penetrans Pratylenchidae Vic Subanguina radicola Anguinidae Tas Xiphinema italiae Neotylenchidae NSW Xiphinema radicicola Neotylenchidae NSW *Lolium rigidum Anguina funesta Anguinidae SA Heterodera avenae Heteroderidae SA, Vic Merlinus brevidens Dolichodoridae SA Pratylenchus neglectus Pratylenchidae SA Tylenchorhynchus clarus Dolichodoridae SA *Lolium sp. Longidorus elongatus ? SA Pratylenchus neglectus Pratylenchidae SA Pratylenchus thornei Pratylenchidae SA Microlaena stipoides Anguina microlaenae Anguinidae NSW, Vic *Paspalum dilatatum Heterodera graminis Heteroderidae NSW *Pennisetum clandestinum Helicotylenchus dihytera Tylenchidae NSW Paratrichodorus lobatus ? NSW, SA Pratylenchoides leiocauda Pratylenchidae NSW Radopholus similis Pratylenchidae NSW Xiphinema americanum Neotylenchidae NSW Xiphinema ensicliferum Neotylenchidae NSW Xiphinema insigne Neotylenchidae NSW *Poa annua Belonolaimus lolii Dolichodoridae NSW Subanguina radicicola Anguinidae Tas Poa labillardieri Scutellonema sp. Hoplolaimidae Vic Poa sieberiana Hemicriconemoides minor Criconematidae Tas Hemicylciophora truncata Hemicycliophoridae Tas Poa sp. Criconema pasticum Criconematidae Tas Pratylenchus c<strong>of</strong>feae Pratylenchidae NSW *Polypogon monspeliensis Anguina sp. Anguinidae NSW, SA “Stipa” sp. Anguina sp. Anguinidae NSW Neodolichodorus adelaidensis Dolichodoridae SA Xiphinema monhystereum Neotylenchidae SA 178
REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004) Paleobiogeografía de la Región Mesopotámica, In F.G. Aceñolaza (Ed.), Temas de la Biodiversidad del Litoral Fluvial Argentino, Instituto Superior De Correlación Geologica ( INSUGEO ) Miscelánea 12, 31 - 38 ACT (<strong>Australia</strong>n Capital Territory) Government (1997) Natural Temperate Grassland: an Endangered Ecological Community. Action Plan 1. Environment ACT, Canberra. ACT (<strong>Australia</strong>n Capital Territory) Government (2005) A Vision Splendid <strong>of</strong> the Grassy Plains Extended. ACT Lowland Native Grassland Conservation Strategy. Action Plan 28, Environmnet ACT, Arts Heritage and Environment, Canberra. ACT (<strong>Australia</strong>n Capital Territory) <strong>Weeds</strong> Working Group (2002) ACT <strong>Chilean</strong> Needle Grass Management Plan. Final Draft. ACT Government, Canberra, 11 pp. Adair, R.J. (1995) The threat <strong>of</strong> environmental weeds to biodiversity in <strong>Australia</strong>: a search for solutions. In R.A. Bradstock, T.D. Auld, D.A. Keith, R.T. Kingsford, D. Lunney and D.P. Sivertsen (Eds.), Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney, pp. 184-201. Adair, R.J. and Groves, R.H. (1998) <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> Environmental <strong>Weeds</strong> on Biodiversity: A Review and Development <strong>of</strong> a Methodology. Biodiversity Group. Environment <strong>Australia</strong>, Canberra, iv + 51 pp. Aguiar, M.R. (2005) Biodiversity in <strong>grass</strong>lands. Current changes and future scenarios. In S.G. Reynolds and J. Frame (Eds.), Grasslands: Developments Opportunities Perspectives, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation and Science Publishers Inc., pp. 261-280. Ahmad, I. (1965) The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera: Alydidae) <strong>of</strong> the world. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Supplement 5, 1-156. Aldous, D.E., Isaacs, S. and Mebalds, M.I. (1998) Endophytes in the genus Neotyphodium are not found in <strong>Australia</strong>n native <strong>grass</strong>es. Australasian Plant Pathology 28, 183-186. Allsopp, P.G. (2003) Synopsis <strong>of</strong> Antitrogus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthini). <strong>Australia</strong>n Journal <strong>of</strong> Entomology 42, 159- 178. Allsopp, P.G. and Hitchcock, B.E. (1987) Soil Insects Pests in <strong>Australia</strong>: Control Alternatives to Persistent Organochlorine Insecticides. <strong>Australia</strong>n Agricultural Council, Plant Health Committee, Canberra. Amiotti, N.M., Bravo, O., Zalba, P. and Peinemann, N. (2007) Effect <strong>of</strong> landscape position on the acidification <strong>of</strong> loess-derived soils under Pinus radiata. Austral Ecology 32(5), 534-540. Amme, D. (2003) Nassella notes. Grasslands(California Native Grass Association)13(4), 3 pp. Andersen, A.M. (1963) Germination <strong>of</strong> seed <strong>of</strong> Texas <strong>needle</strong><strong>grass</strong>, Stipa leucotricha. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Assocation <strong>of</strong> Official Seed Analysts <strong>of</strong> North America 53, 74-79. Anderson, F.E. (2002a) Progress Report on Investigation <strong>of</strong> Fungal Pathogens <strong>of</strong> Serrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma) and <strong>Chilean</strong> Needle Grass (N. neesiana) July 2002-November 2002. CSIRO Entomology, CERZOS-UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina, 8 pp. Anderson, F.E. (2002b) Report on Field Trip to Collect Rust on Serrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma) and <strong>Chilean</strong> Needle Grass (N. neesiana) November-December 2002. CERZOS-UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina, 9 pp. Anderson, F.E., Diaz, M.L. and McLaren, D.A. (2006) Current status <strong>of</strong> research on potential biological control agents for Nassella neesiana and Nassella trichotomoa (Poaceae) in <strong>Australia</strong>. In C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman (Eds.), 15th <strong>Australia</strong>n <strong>Weeds</strong> Conference Papers and Proceedings. Weed Management Society <strong>of</strong> South <strong>Australia</strong> Inc., Adelaide, pp. 591-594. Anderson, F.E., Flemmer, A.C., Hansen, P.V., McLaren, D.A. and Barton, J. (2008) An update on progress towards biological control <strong>of</strong> Nassella neesiana in <strong>Australia</strong> and New Zealand. In R.D. van Klinken, V.A. Osten, F.D. Panetta and J.C. Scanlan (Eds.), Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 16th <strong>Australia</strong>n <strong>Weeds</strong> Conference, Queensland <strong>Weeds</strong> Society, Brisbane, pp. 202-204. Anderson, F., Pettit, W., Briese, D.T. and McLaren, D.A. (2002) Biological control <strong>of</strong> serrated tussock and <strong>Chilean</strong> <strong>needle</strong><strong>grass</strong>. Plant Protection Quarterly 17(3), 104-110. Anderson, F., Pettit, W., Morin, L., Briese, D. and McLaren, D. (2004) Pathogens for the biological control <strong>of</strong> weedy stipoid <strong>grass</strong>es in <strong>Australia</strong>: completion <strong>of</strong> investigations in Argentina. In J. M. Cullen, D.T. Briese, D.J. Kriticos, W.M. Lonsdale, L. Morin and J.K. Scott (Eds.), Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the XI International Symposium on Biological Control <strong>of</strong> <strong>Weeds</strong>, CSIRO, Canberra, pp. 69-74. Anderson, H. (1963) Leather industry. The <strong>Australia</strong>n Encyclopaedia Volume V, Grolier Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Australia</strong>, Sydney, pp. 268-270. Andrioli, R.J. and Distel, R.A. (2008) Litter quality <strong>of</strong> C3 perennial <strong>grass</strong>es and soil inorganic nitrogen in a semiarid rangeland <strong>of</strong> central Argentina. Journal <strong>of</strong> Arid Environments 72, 1684-1689. Anonymous (1968) Edgar Tatlow. New Zealand Trotting Calendar, 13 March. Sourced from Addington Raceway Timetable, Racing History - People. http://www.addington.co.nz/Timeline.asp?Case=1andID=1968 [Accessed 18 July 2007] Anonymous (1997) Disappearing insects <strong>of</strong> native <strong>grass</strong>lands. ACT Parks and Conservation and CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, ACT. [Poster] Anonymous (2005) Victoria declares twelve WONS. Under Control – Pest Plant and Animal Management News No. 32, December, p. 1. Anonymous (2008a) <strong>Chilean</strong> <strong>needle</strong> <strong>grass</strong> alert. SPIFFA Newsletter (Southern Peninsula Indigenous Flora and Fauna Association), 18(5), 1. Anonymous (2008b) Balaustium mites. Blue oat mites. PestFacts South-Eastern (Grains Research and Development Corporation and CESAR University <strong>of</strong> Melbourne) No. 7, 1 August, pp. 2-3. Archer, W.R. (1984) Thesium australe R.Brown (Santalaceae) – field notes and observations. Victorian Naturalist 101(2), 81-85. Archer, W.R. (1987) Additional field notes and observations <strong>of</strong> Thesium australe R. Brown (Santalaceae). Victorian Naturalist 104(2), 46-49. ARMCANZ (Agriculture and Resource Management Council <strong>of</strong> <strong>Australia</strong> and New Zealand), ANZECC (<strong>Australia</strong>n and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council) and Forestry Ministers (2001). <strong>Weeds</strong> <strong>of</strong> National Significance <strong>Chilean</strong> Needle Grass (Nassella neesiana) Strategic Plan. National <strong>Weeds</strong> Strategy Executive Committee, Launceston. Arriaga, M.O. and Jacobs, S.W.L. (2006) An anatomo-ecological experiment in Austrostipa aristiglumis, a lowland stipoid species. Telopea 11(2), 161-170. Arrillaga-Maffei, B.R. (1966) Anomalous stomata <strong>of</strong> Stipa neesiana (Gramineae). Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> Botany 44(6), 845-846 + 1 pl. 179
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
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Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
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Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
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- Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
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- Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
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- Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
- Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
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- Page 177: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
- Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
- Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
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- Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
- Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
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