Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
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Nematodes <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>es and <strong>grass</strong>lands<br />
Nematodes (Phylum Nematoda) constitute a vast, poorly explored taxon and are “the most abundant multicellular animals on<br />
earth” (Baldwin et al. 2004 p. 84). As many as 500,000 species have been predicted to exist, <strong>of</strong> which only 10,000 were known<br />
in 1951 (Meglitsch 1972). Most are entirely free-living in soil, water, etc. and a comparitively small proportion are plant<br />
parasites (Baldwin et al. 2004). Many <strong>of</strong> the parasitic groups have free-living stages and there is a full suite <strong>of</strong> intermediate<br />
lifestyles from fully sedentary ecto- or endoparasitism to migratory endoparasitism (Siddiqi 1986, Baldwin et al. 2004). Many <strong>of</strong><br />
the plant parasitic nematodes are ecto- or endo-parastites <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>es. Secretion products from plant parasistic species promote<br />
plant pathologies including nurse cells, root-knots and cysts specific to particular taxa, while some groups transmit viruses to<br />
their hosts (Baldwin et al. 2004). The order Tylenchida, commonly called plant nematodes, is the largest and most economically<br />
important group <strong>of</strong> plant parasites, and its members damage all plant organs including seeds, flowers and especially roots<br />
(Siddiqi 1986). However the orders Dorylaimida and Triplonchida also include plant parasites (Baldwin et al. 2004).<br />
Johnston (1938) recorded numerous species from unidentified <strong>grass</strong>es in <strong>Australia</strong>, along with species that attack sugar cane and<br />
cereals, but no records from native <strong>grass</strong>es. McLeod et al. (1994) recorded 42 taxa from unspecified <strong>grass</strong> or <strong>grass</strong>es in <strong>Australia</strong><br />
and listed the nematode species found on a wide range <strong>of</strong> other <strong>grass</strong>es in <strong>Australia</strong>.<br />
In the Stipeae, Anguina sp. is recorded from Austrostipa drummondii (Steud.) Jacobs & Everett and A. nitida (Summerh. & C.E.<br />
Hubb.) Jacobs & Everett in Victoria, A. trichophylla (Benth.) Jacobs & Everett in Western <strong>Australia</strong> and from “Stipa” sp. in<br />
NSW, Neodolichodorus adelaidensis and Xiphinema monhystereum are recorded from “Stipa” sp. in South <strong>Australia</strong>, and<br />
Pratylenchus neglectus is recorded from Austrostipa trichophylla (Benth.) Jacobs & Everett in Queensland (McLeod et al.<br />
1994).<br />
No species were known from Themeda triandra in south-eastern <strong>Australia</strong>, but 19 species have been found associated with the<br />
plant in Queensland (McLeod et al. 1994). Radopholus intermedius Colbran was described from material taken from around the<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> Allocasuarina torulosa (Aiton) L. Johnson and T. triandra, and R. laevis Colbran has also been found in this situation<br />
(Colbran 1971). The genus Radopholus Thorne contains 22 root endoparasitic species all but one <strong>of</strong> which are indigenous to<br />
<strong>Australia</strong> (Siddiqi 1986).<br />
Table A2.2. <strong>Literature</strong> records <strong>of</strong> the hosts <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>-inhabiting Nematoda recorded in south-eastern <strong>Australia</strong>. Grasses included<br />
are inhabitants or probably occur in temperate south eastern <strong>Australia</strong>n <strong>grass</strong>lands. South-eastern <strong>Australia</strong> excludes Queensland.<br />
Nematodes recorded from unspecified <strong>grass</strong> or <strong>grass</strong>es are not included. The list is indicative only, since a large proportion <strong>of</strong> the<br />
distribution records are not from <strong>grass</strong>lands. All data from McLeod et al. (1994). Nematode family assignment from Siddiqi<br />
(1986).<br />
Grass Nematode Family Distribution<br />
*Agrostis capillaris Belonolaimus sp. Dolichodoridae NSW<br />
Helicotylenchus dihystera Tylenchidae NSW<br />
*Agrostis stoloniferea Paratrichodorus lobatus ? NSW<br />
Paratylenchus nanus Paratylenchidae NSW<br />
*Avena fatua Paratylenchus sp. Paratylenchidae Vic<br />
*Avena sativa Ditylenchus dipsaci Anguinidae SA<br />
Heterodera avenae Heteroderidae NSW, SA, Vic<br />
Meloidogyne javanica Meloidogynidae NSW<br />
Paratylenchus neglectus Paratylenchidae SA, Vic<br />
Pratylenchus thornei Pratylenchidae SA<br />
Pratylenchus sp. Pratylenchidae Vic<br />
Scutellonema brachyurum Hoplolaimidae NSW<br />
Austrodanthonia caespitosa Paralongidorus sacchari ? SA<br />
Xiphinema monohysterum Neotylenchidae SA<br />
Austrodanthonia setacea Paratylenchus sp. Paratylenchidae SA<br />
Austrostipa nitida Anguina sp. Anguinidae Vic<br />
*Bromus catharticus Ditylenchus dipsaci Anguinidae NSW<br />
*Bromus sp. Meloidogyne sp. Meloidogynidae SA<br />
*Chloris gayana Meloidogyne incognita Meloidogynidae NSW<br />
*Cynodon dactylon Belonolaimus lolii Dolichodoridae NSW<br />
Criconema mutabilie Criconematidae SA<br />
Ditylenchus intermedius Anguinidae NSW<br />
Helicotylenchus dihystera Tylenchidae NSW<br />
Hemicriconemoides minor Criconematidae Vic<br />
Hemicycliophora labiata Hemicycliophoridae NSW, SA<br />
Hemicycliophora saueri Hemicycliophoridae Vic<br />
Hemicyliophora truncata Hemicycliophoridae NSW<br />
Heterodera graminis Heteroderidae NSW<br />
Heterodera sp. Heteroderidae NSW<br />
Macroposthonis sp. Criocnematidae Vic<br />
Morulaimus whitei Dolichodoridae Vic<br />
Paralongidorus eucalypti ? Vic<br />
Paratrichodorus lobatus ? NSW, SA<br />
Paratrichodorus minor ? NSW<br />
Rotylenchus brevicaudatus Hoplolaimidae NSW<br />
Scutellonema brachyurum Hoplolaimidae NSW, SA<br />
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