Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia

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Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Metopiora sanguinata (Luc.) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera grasses Common 1990 Mocis frugalis (Fabricius) larva Noctuideae Lepidoptera grasses, *Avena sativa Common 1990 Mythimna convecta (Walker) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera Astrebla pectinata leaves McDonald 1991 grasses, *cereals, *graminaceous seed heads, Common 1990, eat or sever flower heads (Goodyer 1983) forage crops, *Avena, *Hordeum (barley), *Oryza sativa, *Setaria, *Triticum aestivum, *Zea mays foliage, stems Goodyer 1983, Gregg 1997 Mythimna separata (Walker) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera grasses, *cereals, *Saccharum officinarum, pastures and crops Common 1990, Goodyer 1983 Neocleptria punctifera (Walker) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera *Triticum aestivum, *Zea mays Common 1990 highly polyphagous, many families Numichtis nigerrima (Guen.) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera *Zea mays Common 1990 highly polyphagous Persectania dyscrita Common larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera pastures and crops, *Triticum aestivum Goodyer 1983, Common 1990 Persectania ewingii (Westwood) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera pasture grasses, primarily grasses; *cereals and *graminaceous forage crops, *Avena, *Hordeum (barley), *Triticum aestivum seed heads, foliage, stems Schroder 1983, Goodyer 1983, Common 1990, Gregg 1997 Proteuxoa spp. larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera native and introduced grasses foliage Common 1990 Proteuxoa sanguinipuncta (Guen.) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera native and introduced grasses foliage Common 1980 Spodoptera exempta (Walker) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera grasses, grass pastures, *cereals, Goodyer 1983, Urochloa mutica, *Sorghum, Common 1990 *Paspalum dilatatum, *Pennisetum clandestinum Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera pastures and crops, *Oryza sativa, Goodyer 1983, *Sorghum, *Zea mays Common 1990 eat or sever flower heads (Goodyer 1983) U. mutica is present in NC NSW found in NSW (Goodyer 1983) Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera Urochloa mutica Common 1990 Brachiaria the old name? Plant on NC NSW Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval) larva Noctuidae Lepidoptera grasses, *cereals, pastures, lawns, *Cynodon dactylon, *Pennisetum clandestinum, *Sorghum leaves Goodyer 1983, Common 1990, Gregg 1997 found north from N NSW (Common 1990) Argynnina hobartia (Westwood) larva Nymphaliidae Lepidoptera *Lolium perenne foliage Braby 2000 “probably ... native grasses such as Poa labillardieri and Austrodanthonia” (Braby 2000 p. 491) Geitoneura acantha (Donovan) larva Nymphalidae Lepidoptera native grasses, Themeda triandra, Poa spp., Microlaena stipoides Geitoneura klugii (Guérin- Méneville) larva Nymphalidae Lepidoptera native grasses, Microlaena stipoides, Austrostipa flavescens, Joycea pallida, Poa labillardieri, P. morrisii, P.tenera, T. triandra, *Brachypodium distachyon, *Ehrharta calycina, *Vulpia sp. Heteronympha merope (Fabricius) larva Nymphalidae Lepidoptera native and introduced grasses, *Lolium perenne, *Cynodon dactylon, Microlaena stipoides, Poa poiformis, P. tenera, Themeda triandra, *Brachpodium distachyon, *Bromus catharticus, *Ehrharta erecta foliage foliage foliage Coupar & Coupar 1992 Coupar & Coupar 1992, Braby 2000 Coupar & Coupar 1992, Braby 2000 174
Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes stage Heteronympha penelope Waterh. larva Nymphalidae Lepidoptera Austrodanthonia penicillata, Austrodanthonia pilosa, Poa sp., leaves Braby 2000 butterfly not a grassland sp. Sources: Jarvis 1908, Tindale 1952a, Common & Waterhouse 1981 Poa snowgrass, Themeda triandra Hypocysta metirius Butler larva Nymphalidae Lepidoptera Alexfloydia repens, *Cynodon leaves Braby 2000 source for C. dactylon E.O. Edwards 1948 dactylon, Oriexenica ptunarra L.E. Couchman larva Nymphaliidae Lepidoptera Poa gunnii, P. labillardieri, P. foliage Braby 2000 rodwayi Philobota productella (Walker), P. chionoptera Meyrick, P. diaereta Turner, P. physaula Meyrick larva Oecophoridae Lepidoptera grasses foliage, litter Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Hill et al. 1993, Common 1990 plus “other herbaceous plants ... at times damage pastures” (Common 1990); “Foliage is cut and often left uneaten on the ground” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 80) ‘Lomera’ caespitosae Oke (“Plutorectis” caespitosae) larva Psychidae Lepidoptera Poa Snow Grass, “Poa australis” leaves, leaf lamina just above the sheath Carr & Turner 1959, Chadwick 1966, Common 1990, Green & Osborne 1994, Edwards 2002 “feeds exclusively on snow grass”, “heavily infested ... tussocks are completely cut through at the base and do not recover” (Carr & Turner 1959 p. 19). “Extensive patch death” in Australian Alps (McDougall &Walsh 2007). But damage confused with Oncopera alpina, which does most of the damage. ‘Lomera’ boisduvalii (Westwood) larva Psychidae Lepidoptera probably grasses Common 1990 ‘Lomera’ spp. larva Psychidae Lepidoptera probably grasses Common 1990 most other spp. probably feed on grasses. Achyra affinitalis (Led.) larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera *Sorghum, *Zea mays Common 1990 highly polyphagou – many families Callamatropha leptogramella larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera grasses, cereals, *Paspalum Common 1990 “minor pasture pest” (Meyrick) Conogethes punctiferalis (Guen.) larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera *Sorghum, *Zea mays heads Common 1990 occurs S to N. NSW Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guen.) larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera *Oryza sativa Culladia cuneiferellus (Walker) larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera grasses, *cereals, *Cynodon dactylon lawns Hednota spp. larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera grasses, *cereals incl. wheat, barley and rye, *Hordeum spp., *Bromus spp., *Vulpia spp. Hednota bivitella (Don.), H. crypsichroa Lower, H. longipalpella (Meyrick), H. panteucha (Meyrick), H. pedionoma (Meyrick), H. pleniferellus (Walker) leaves Common 1990 grass both exotic and native, sometimes damages foliage Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Panetta et al. 1993, Gregg 1997 larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera grasses Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987, Common 1990 “minor pests of native grasses” (Gregg 1997); damage evident from “chopped off shoots” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 78) larvae in silk galleries in crowns or surface soil Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walk.) larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera grasses, *cereals, *Paspalum, leaves Common 1990 lawn and pasture pest, S to N NSW *Pennisetum clandestinum Mampava rhodoneura (Turn.) larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera *Cenchrus ciliaris seed Common 1990 insect in C Qld (Common 1990 p. 348) ; ?both plant and insect in SE Aust. Marasmia venilialis (Walker) larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera grass Common 1990 larva in rolled leaf shelter Sclerobia trialis (Walker) larva Pyralidae Lepidoptera *Cynodon dactylon leaves Common 1990 C. dactylon is both exotic and native; “minor pasture pest ...also damages lawns” Eretmocera dioctis (Meyr.) larva Scythrididae Lepidoptera *Chloris gayana, Enteropogon Common 1990 insect at least in N NSW (Common 1990 p. 266) acicularis - larva Tineidae Lepidoptera grasses Common 1990 larvae of some spp. “tunnel in the soil and feed on grass” (Common 1990 p. 183); however true phytophagy is “very rare” and generally facultative (Robinson & Nielsen 1993 p. 25) 175
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Literature review: Impact of Chilea
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Fire 49 Other disturbances 50 Shade
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Conventions and standards Botanical
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neesiana appears to be a habitat ge
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population densities of existing sp
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elated plants have similar defences
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For invasion to occur there must be
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As yet there appears to be no evide
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experimental manipulation of specie
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species tend to be those which tran
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Taxonomy and nomenclature Stipeae N
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Vernacular names ‘Needlegrass’
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to Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2009).
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1 m (Walsh 1994), ca. 90 cm (Verloo
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Figure 2. Anatomy of the seed of N.
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are the seeds larger/smaller, longe
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also based on a misunderstanding of
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Table 2. Modified Feekes Scale for
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Argentina, in the provinces of Chac
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Figure 3. Recorded distribution of
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1994). Only 3 of 186 exotic grasses
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According to Morfe et al. (2003) th
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populations have been found in the
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(Honaine et al. 2006). The flechill
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In Australia the altitudinal range
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Proximity to urban development appe
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In the southern Brazilian campos of
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arundinacea (Gardener et al. 2005).
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al. 2008). Cues for masting may be
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Approximately 200 alien grass speci
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Dispersal of seed in contaminated s
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In New Zealand, Hurrell et al. (199
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No emergence was observed in undist
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and high impact (“ability to caus
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also noted that despite a wide rang
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a small reduction in seedhead produ
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Slashing and mowing Slashing can re
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Themeda re-establishment McDougall
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species (Lawton and Schroder 1977 p
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y increased importance of ant grani
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BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity ... on
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According to Woods (1997 p. 61) “
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2004, Richardson and van Wilgen 200
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negative depending on the particula
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Competition with native plants Comp
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asexual seed production, so local f
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GRASSLANDS Grasses: “... the most
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susceptible to N. neesiana invasion
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Floristic composition, vegetation s
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proportion of the flora then presen
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tussock space (Stuwe and Parsons 19
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Like vascular plant diversity, comm
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Opinions differ on the nature and i
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Species Common Name Family Aust ACT
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in shifting the distribution, exten
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of these systems is largely explain
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pasture. The least understood trans
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tend to benefit more from relaxed c
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Bovids crop their food between the
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are therefore less likely to distur
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esult in a “short-term flush” o
Page 123 and 124: Fire effects on weeds Moore (1993 p
Page 125 and 126: Table 8. Typical nutrient levels in
Page 127 and 128: grasses produced sigificantly more
Page 129 and 130: Fossorial vertebrates are or were o
Page 131 and 132: (Rosengren 1999). Approximately one
Page 133 and 134: Table 12. Areal extent and conserva
Page 135 and 136: Foreman (1997) investigated the eff
Page 137 and 138: Willis (1964) considered that the f
Page 139 and 140: Austrostipa-Enneapogon) from around
Page 141 and 142: Woodlands and New England Grassy Wo
Page 143 and 144: Thylogale billardierii), Peramelida
Page 145 and 146: Its original habitat on the mainlan
Page 147 and 148: Table 17. Endangered reptile specie
Page 149 and 150: equirement, but unlike plants and v
Page 151 and 152: e assigned the same biodiversity sc
Page 153 and 154: Nematodes are mostly minute animals
Page 155 and 156: found in all mainland states, O. co
Page 157 and 158: Keyacris scurra, Melbourne (1993) o
Page 159 and 160: was once widespread in south- easte
Page 161 and 162: eing sluggish and wingless, and exi
Page 163 and 164: estoration and, if Australia follow
Page 165 and 166: close to the plant are able to bury
Page 167 and 168: Species *Chirothrips mexicanus Craw
Page 169 and 170: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 171 and 172: Table A2.1 (continued) Species *Het
Page 173: Table A2.1 (continued) Species Life
Page 177 and 178: Nematodes of grasses and grasslands
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES Aceñolaza, F.G. (2004)
Page 181 and 182: Benson, D. and McDougall, L. (2005)
Page 183 and 184: Chan, C.W. (1980) Natural grassland
Page 185 and 186: DNRE (Department of Natural Resourc
Page 187 and 188: Fuhrer, B. (1993) A Field Companion
Page 189 and 190: Groves, R.H. and Whalley, R.D.B. (2
Page 191 and 192: Iaconis, L. (2004) Chilean needle g
Page 193 and 194: Levine, J.M., Adler, P.B. and Yelen
Page 195 and 196: McDougall, K.L. (1987) Sites of Bot
Page 197 and 198: Morfe, T.A., McLaren, D.A. and Weis
Page 199 and 200: Perelman, S.B., León, R.J.C. and O
Page 201 and 202: Saunders, D.A. (1999) Biodiversity
Page 203 and 204: Thellung, A. (1912) La flore advent
Page 205 and 206: Weiss, J. and McLaren, D. (2002) Vi
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