Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
Literature review: Impact of Chilean needle grass ... - Weeds Australia
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Table A2.1 (continued)<br />
Species<br />
*Heteronychus arator (Fabricius),<br />
Life<br />
stage<br />
larva<br />
adult<br />
Family Order Host Host tissue References Notes<br />
Scarabaeidae Coleoptera mainly damages <strong>grass</strong>es, larvae on<br />
matt-forming <strong>grass</strong>es incl. *kikuyu,<br />
*paspalum; *maize, *sweet corn,<br />
lawns, pastures<br />
roots,<br />
rhizomes,<br />
shoots,<br />
felled<br />
heads<br />
Allsopp & Hitchcock<br />
1987, Panetta et<br />
al.1993, Gregg 1997<br />
Saulostomus villosus<br />
Waterhouse<br />
Scitala sericans Erichson larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera damages pastures roots Hardy 1976b,<br />
Allsopp & Hitchcock<br />
1987<br />
larvae on roots, adults on shoots or chew holes in<br />
stems <strong>of</strong> young plants<br />
larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera damages pastures and turf roots Hardy 1976a the soil-dwelling larvae “feed on plant material<br />
including roots” (Hardy 1976a p. 282)<br />
Sericesthis consanguinea<br />
(Blackburn)<br />
larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera *wheat, *oats roots Allsopp & Hitchcock<br />
1987<br />
Sericesthis geminata Boisduval larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera <strong>grass</strong>es, including *Lolium perenne roots Carne & Chinnick<br />
1957, Wensler 1971,<br />
Allsopp & Hitchcok<br />
1987, Panetta et<br />
al.1993, Gregg 1997<br />
Sericesthis harti Sharp larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera *cereals roots Allsopp & Hitchcock<br />
1987<br />
Sericesthis nigrolineata (Boisd.) larva Scarabaeidae Coleoptera <strong>grass</strong>es, incl. *Lolium perenne roots Ridsdill-Smith 1975,<br />
Hardy 1976b,<br />
Allsopp & Hitchcock<br />
1987, Britton 1987,<br />
Gregg 1997<br />
- larva Tenebrionidae Coleoptera <strong>grass</strong>es etc. Gregg 1997 damage seedlings<br />
Helea, Pterohelaeus, Gonocephalum, larvae, Tenebrionidae Coleoptera *cereals, incl. *Triticum aestivum seeds,<br />
Isopteron and Saragus spp.<br />
adults<br />
seedlings<br />
- larva Agromyzidae Diptera <strong>grass</strong>es, *rice leaves,<br />
stems<br />
Allsopp & Hitchcock<br />
1987, Matthews &<br />
Bouchard 2008<br />
Wapshere 1990,<br />
Colless & McAlpine<br />
1991, Hely 1958<br />
“after entering the third instar ... the larvae confine<br />
their feeding to the roots <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>es” (Carne &<br />
Chinnick 1957 p. 608); “prefer <strong>grass</strong>es over broadleaf<br />
plants” (Allsopp & Hitchcock 1987 p. 20);<br />
“feed upon young roots” (Britton 1987 p.687).<br />
“larvae preferentially select and feed on living<br />
roots” (Ridsdill-Smith 1975 p. 75); “feed upon<br />
young roots <strong>of</strong> <strong>grass</strong>es” (Britton 1987 p.687)<br />
larvae damage seed and seedlings before<br />
emergence, adults usually eat the seedling at<br />
ground level; Pterohelaeus are “major root and<br />
seedling pests”, Isopteron “recorded feeding on<br />
geminating wheat” (Matthews & Bouchard 2008)<br />
Europe (Wapshere 1990). Rice leaf miner (Hely<br />
1958). Leaf and stem miners, gall makers<br />
Asphondylini sp. larva Cecidomyiidae Diptera Themeda triandra spikelets McDougall 1989 undescribed sp., prob a new genus (Robin Adair,<br />
pers. comm. 2006)<br />
larva Cecidomyiidae Diptera Austrostipa spp. spikelets Yen 1999 “may ... be the same species” as on T. triandra<br />
(Yen 1999)<br />
- larva Cecidomyiidae Diptera Andropogon Boucek 1988 p. 561 gall former<br />
- larva Cecidomyiidae Diptera <strong>grass</strong>es stems Boucek 1988, Europe (Wapshere 1990)<br />
bloodworms, ?Chironomus tepperi<br />
Skuse<br />
Wapshere 1990<br />
larva Chironomidae Diptera *rice ?roots Hely 1958, Colless &<br />
McAlpine 1991<br />
- larva Chloropidae Diptera <strong>grass</strong>es shoots and<br />
stems<br />
Hydrellia spp. larva Ephydridae Diptera *rice, *barley, *irrigated cereals leaves,<br />
stems<br />
Colless & McAlpine<br />
1991<br />
Mathis 1989<br />
“failure <strong>of</strong> seedling development” (Hely 1958 p.<br />
31), mainly physical disturbance to roots (Colless<br />
& McAlpine); may similarly effect other <strong>grass</strong>es in<br />
submerged situations<br />
inside young growth; may be largely bacteriafeeders<br />
171