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Reduction and Elimination in Philosophy and the Sciences

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5. Conclusion<br />

In this paper I did not address <strong>the</strong> debate between contextualism<br />

<strong>and</strong> sensitive <strong>in</strong>variantism. This will be an important<br />

issue when it comes to decid<strong>in</strong>g whose position is<br />

decisive for <strong>the</strong> evaluation of knowledge claims—<strong>the</strong> ascriber’s<br />

or <strong>the</strong> subject’s. It will have to be discussed elsewhere.<br />

I did argue for <strong>the</strong> idea that Wittgenste<strong>in</strong>’s H<strong>in</strong>ge<br />

Propositions support <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>sis that <strong>the</strong> truth of a given<br />

knowledge claim can vary due to factors o<strong>the</strong>r than its<br />

overt variables. It could be shown how <strong>the</strong> apparent<br />

dogmatic deadlock between sceptics <strong>and</strong> Mooreans can<br />

be avoided by relativiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> truth of knowledge claims to<br />

sets of quasi-foundationalist HP. This move does not result<br />

<strong>in</strong> relativism, because it was <strong>in</strong>dicated that <strong>the</strong> higher order<br />

question of which set of HP is preferable can be l<strong>in</strong>ked to<br />

an externalism of justification. A brief recapitulation of<br />

Common Ground <strong>the</strong>n gave an idea of how to systematize<br />

<strong>the</strong> account <strong>in</strong> conversational contexts <strong>and</strong> expla<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

apparently contradict<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tuitions about many of our<br />

knowledge claims.<br />

336<br />

Scepticism, Wittgenste<strong>in</strong>'s H<strong>in</strong>ge Propositions, <strong>and</strong> Common Ground — Erik Stei<br />

Literature<br />

Grice, Paul 1989 “Logic <strong>and</strong> Conversation”, <strong>in</strong>: Studies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Way<br />

of Words, Harvard: Harvard University Press, 22–40.<br />

Stalnaker, Robert 2002 “Common Ground”, L<strong>in</strong>guistics <strong>and</strong> <strong>Philosophy</strong><br />

25, 701–721.<br />

Stroud, Barry 2000 “Underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Human Knowledge <strong>in</strong> General”,<br />

<strong>in</strong>: Underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Human Knowledge, Oxford: Oxford University<br />

Press, 99–122.<br />

Williams, Michael 2003 “Skeptizismus und der Kontext der Philosophie”,<br />

Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 51, 973–991.<br />

Williams, Michael 2007 “Why (Wittgenste<strong>in</strong>ian) Contextualism is<br />

not Relativism”, Episteme 4, 93–114.<br />

Williamson, Timothy 2000 Knowledge <strong>and</strong> its Limits, Oxford: Oxford<br />

University Press.<br />

Wittgenste<strong>in</strong>, Ludwig 1984 Über Gewissheit, Werkausgabe, B<strong>and</strong><br />

8, Frankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong>: Suhrkamp.

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