Reduction and Elimination in Philosophy and the Sciences

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Rethinking the Modal Argument against Nominal Description Theory — Jiří Raclavský soundness of MA“L” does not disquiet them. However, the truth of the MAL’s consequence − that a proper name does not have the same meaning as a nominal description − is a disputable matter: Kripkeans consider it false whereas NDTians consider it true. Hence, MAL as such is insufficient for the change of opinion on the part of NDTians. Presumably, both groups of theoreticians share the belief that proper names are rigid designators. Realize, however, that the respective Kripke’s semantical thesis about the meaning of proper names is in fact weak because it cannot distinguish proper names from rigid descriptions. Therefore, we need to suggest another, more provident, semantical thesis. My suggestion of ST is as follows: a proper name is an expression whose denotation is the same as its reference (language-relativity should be added, of course). Rigid descriptions – including the nominal ones – are thus not allowed to be proper names. (Notice also that Kripke’s key thesis follows from my ST.). NDTians may still disagree with this proposal. Consequently, NDTians construe MAL as not sound. Now we should argue that NDT is a materially less adequate explication of proper names’ meaning than ST because most of competent language users do not think that the meaning of N contains the meaning of ‘the’, ‘bearer’, etc. Hence, ST is a more preferable proposal and MAL becomes sound. Literature Bach, Kent 1981 “What’s in a Name”, Australasian Journal of Philosophy 59, 371-386. Bach, Kent 1987 Thought and Reference, Oxford-New York: Oxford UP. Kripke, Saul 1972 “Naming and Necessity”, in: Gilbert Harman and Donald Davidson (eds.), Semantics of Natural Language, Dordrecht-Boston: D. Riedel, 253-355, 763-769. Soames, Scott 1998 “The Modal Argument: Wide Scope and Rigidified Descriptions”, Noûs 32, 1-22. Tichý, Pavel 1988 The Foundations of Frege’s Logic, Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. 273
Different Ways to Follow Rules? The Case of Ethics Olga Ramírez Calle, Granada, Spain 1. The Proposal The suggestion I want to put forward is that reflection on a correct account of rule-following in ethics invites to consider what I will call a ‘three fold model’ of conceptual application, that varies not just from the very basic cases but also from what has been called ‘modus ponens’ cases of rule following. Or at least may be considered a specific variation of such a model. The working out of this possibility may help us gain a better understanding of what is at stake in competent use of a given group of concepts and, maybe, to sort out competing interpretations of rulefollowing in a more case-specific and less general account. If conceptual acquisition and understanding is to be adequately understood according to the rule-following model, this model must be capable of accommodating very different kinds of concepts (classificatory, relational, functional, evaluative, mathematical concepts). It must give account of the different ways concepts relate to, and characterize, experience. We may put aside the relevance of this question either per impossibility – we cannot really separate experience from conceptual understanding – or simply acknowledge without further interest the obvious existence of differing instructions we grasp by grasping rules, and otherwise go on giving a uniform account. But if it should be possible, and I believe it is, to attend to differences at this level it could turn out that we require differing interpretations of the very idea of rule following for different cases. That there should be a difference between very simple, basic cases, of rule following and more complex ones, is widely acknowledged and supported by Wittgenstein’s own writings. Basic cases are those where no further non-redundant linguistic specifications or reasons can be given, besides direct illustration of how concept application goes. In other cases, while acquisition may succeed without linguistic aid by the participation in further practices, some already linguistically trained subjects could on demand give some clearing explanations. And at higher levels of complexity in language acquisition, some language users at least may be able to articulate more or less sophisticated reasons to justify conceptual application. This need not amount to an exhaustive definitive definition but just sufficiently articulated necessary conditions – all these specifications resting surely at the end in basic concepts whose meanings cannot be put down in any fixed formula –. However, when rules are to some extent linguistically articulated in such a way, we get what has been characterized as the ‘modus ponens model’ of rule following. These distinctions allude to the grade of specification of the rules given. Although this may not be unrelated to the topic, what I was questioning before was the different ways rules connect our concepts to experience. The focus is here on the specific conceptual contents involved. Some related proposals are made, for example, by Crispin Wright’s (1992), (2002) distinction between extension-determining and extension-reflecting concepts. Extension-reflecting concepts would register “self standing properties” and therefore the possibility of getting it wrong makes sense. Even if what it is to fall 274 under the concept is epistemically constrained (weather something falls under the concept subject to human considerations) its existence is not constitutively dependent on human responses or considerations. By extension determining cases, though, there is no sense in which truth could transcend what we would ourselves say, as what seems to us, our own impressions or responses to some experience, are part of the content we are registering. And it is the very conceptual content we have to do with that demands it to be so. In Wright words: it is a priori that best opinion determines truth. Concepts of primary qualities would fall under the extension-reflecting and concepts of secondary qualities, under the second. This last distinction, however, is supposed to have a wider application and extend to avowals, for example, and, maybe, to moral concepts. If we try, however, to figure out an adequate understanding of the rule-following considerations in ethics, trying to specify the rules governing conceptual application, we become (as a result of considerations of content) what appears to be a variation of the modus ponens model. Weather this model fits into the extension determining schema will depend on how this is exactly formulated, but some additional distinctions will be called for on its regard. 2. Rule-Following in Ethics According to McDowell (1981) non-cognitivist disentangled explanations of thick ethical concepts could not explain their consistent rule guided use if it were not on the basis of some value neutral feature we should be capable of recognizing and to which we would be responding to. And the problem is that it should not be possible to sort out what feature this is, what all the members of the extension have in common, without the aid of corresponding evaluative considerations. Carefully considered there are actually two different assertions in McDowell’s just cited claim: (i) It should not even make sense to pick up a value neutral class equivalent to the one thick ethical concepts sort out without taking into account evaluative considerations. (ii) It should not be possible, once the class is constituted, to see value neutral common features among the members of the extension of a thick ethical concept. McDowell, I believe, wants to assert both (i) and (ii), but these two claims do not necessarily have to go together. Let’s call the first the ‘generation argument’ (GA) and the second the ‘application argument’ (AA). McDowell illustrates his general claim arguing that given a list of items (individuals, actions, etc. let us suppose) that belong to the extension of a thick concept we most probably won’t be able to tell what such items have in common. The class consider in abstraction of evaluative aspects need have “no shape”, form no kind. The argument would reach a non-cognitivist claiming that it is at some such recognizable level of appraisal
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31 Alexander Hieke Hannes Leitgeb H
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Reduktion und Elimination in Philos
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Distributors Die Österreichische L
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6 Inhalt / Contents Wittgenstein me
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8 Inhalt / Contents The Evolution o
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Formal Mechanisms for Reduction in
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4. Property language and theoretica
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imperatives, or commands in the for
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Referential Practice and the Lure o
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The Augustinian account confuses mo
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hurried to fix it on the page. The
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The Essence (?) of Color, According
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Literature Austin, James 1980 “Wi
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Wittgenstein’s Externalism - Gett
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Informal Reduction E.P. Brandon, Ca
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An Anti-Reductionist Argument Based
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An Anti-Reductionist Argument Based
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Did I Do It? -Yeah, You Did! Wittge
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Literature Did I Do It? -Yeah, You
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tween the two approaches. The task
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On Two Recent Defenses of The Simpl
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On Two Recent Defenses of The Simpl
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Queen Victoria’s Dying Thoughts T
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Diagonalization. The Liar Paradox,
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Proof: Given a function ƒ from con
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that I am sure that it is true that
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experiencing something as a red pen
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There can be Causal without Ontolog
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There can be Causal without Ontolog
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objects. But they also leave unansw
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The Knower Paradox and the Quantifi
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The Knower Paradox and the Quantifi
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lent. It also implies that an inven
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The Scapegoat Theory of Causality M
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We may have evolved a specialized c
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easoning have their source in the l
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Wittgenstein on Frazer and Explanat
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genstein 1993, p. 143). In order to
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an adequate syntactic analysis of o
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Wittgenstein meets ÖGS: Wovon man
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Wittgenstein meets ÖGS: Wovon man
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3. Der Elementarsatz wird als Relat
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Literatur Glock, Hans Johann 2006
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Explaining the Brain: Ruthless Redu
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Occam’s Razor in the Theory of Th
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Literature Campbell, Donald T. 1987
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Die Nichtreduzierbarkeit der klassi
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Literatur Die Nichtreduzierbarkeit
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Let T I be the minimal theory of tr
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Does Bradley’s Regress Support No
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(3) Mutatis mutandis, realism has t
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Zeitliche Ontologie und zeitliche R
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Betrachtung ontologischer Fragen, M
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The decisive consequences of this a
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Benacerraf and Bad Company (An Atta
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offer a solution to the bad company
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Literature Benacerraf, Paul 1965
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"PA" by using "PA* ", at least at t
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Hard Naturalism and its Puzzles Ren
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The Mind-Body-Problem and Score-Kee
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mental properties, for instance, or
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kommt es zu einem gravierenden Miss
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Reduction Revisited: The Ontologica
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4. Conclusion Reduction Revisited:
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All in all, we have seen that reduc
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Physicalism Without the A Priori Pa
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Literature Cartwright, Nancy 1999:
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Wittgensteins Projektionsmethode al
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Schlussbemerkungen Wittgensteins Pr
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intentional states requires functio
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Relating Theories. Models and Struc
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Literature Relating Theories. Model
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e invoked in response to the questi
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Do Brains Think? Christopher Humphr
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4. Conclusion So do brains think or
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How Metaphors Alter the World-Pictu
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The Modal Supervenience of the Conc
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Literature van der Auwera, Johan an
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3. The Determination of Form by Syn
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Zwischen Humes Gesetz und „Sollen
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Zwischen Humes Gesetz und „Sollen
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Assessing Humean Supervenience Amir
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determination thesis; it fails as a
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Aus der obigen Definition folgt, da
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Ding-Ontology of Aristotle vs. Sach
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Ding-Ontology of Aristotle vs. Sach
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How do Moral Principles Figure in M
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“Downward Causation”: Emergent,
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“Downward Causation”: Emergent,
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A with distinguished subset Z of te
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A Metaphysically Moderate Version o
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Literature Balashov, Yuri 2002 ''Wh
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“In der Frage liegt ein Fehler”
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Problems with Psychophysical Identi
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identity theory, or as a predecesso
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of the world. It only matters that
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Four Anti-reductionist Dogmas in th
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Four Anti-reductionist Dogmas in th
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notion of time and requires that so
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Some Remarks on Wittgenstein and Ty
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Some Remarks on Wittgenstein and Ty
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concrete particulars can be subject
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phenomenal concept of experiencing
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Metaphorische Bedeutung als virtus
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speaker is then attaching a special
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„Vom Weißdorn und vom Propheten
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„Die Einheit hören“ - Einige
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„Die Einheit hören“ - Einige
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S4) the necessity of arithmetic is
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Getting out from Inside: Why the Cl
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Dispensing with Particulars: Unders
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Page 228 and 229: Defining Ontological Naturalism Mar
Page 230 and 231: Literature Jackson, Frank 1986. “
Page 232 and 233: properties are located. This proces
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Page 236 and 237: Properties and Reduction between Me
Page 238 and 239: Does this mean that metaphysics sho
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Page 242 and 243: The Writing of Nietzsche and Wittge
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Page 248 and 249: Naturalistic Ethics: A Logical Posi
Page 250 and 251: Literature Kant, Immanuel 2006 Crit
Page 252 and 253: What we now require is a bridge the
Page 254 and 255: Species, Variability, and Integrati
Page 256 and 257: could mention the many sorts of iso
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Page 260 and 261: The Key Problems of KC Matteo Pleba
Page 262 and 263: have embraced the myth of prose: it
Page 264 and 265: 5. Prior’s Problem As Patrick Bla
Page 266 and 267: Reductionism in Axiology: the Case
Page 268 and 269: developing of cancer tissue in huma
Page 270 and 271: (2) One-way Nagelian bridge princip
Page 272 and 273: Rethinking the Modal Argument again
Page 276 and 277: that we are to find the features we
Page 278 and 279: Atypical Rational Agency Paul Raymo
Page 280 and 281: Literature Anscombe, G. E. M. 1957
Page 282 and 283: situation bieten sich keine Kriteri
Page 284 and 285: Two Reductions of ‘rule’ Dana R
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Page 290 and 291: Wittgenstein’s Attitudes Fabien S
Page 292 and 293: view of logic, in accordance with h
Page 294 and 295: Warum man auf transzendentalphiloso
Page 296 and 297: Making the Mind Higher-Level Elizab
Page 298 and 299: Literature Churchland, P. M. (1995)
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Page 302 and 303: Mental Causation: A Lesson from Act
Page 304 and 305: Again, this is mistaken. Non-reduct
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Page 308 and 309: Reduction, Sets, and Properties Ben
Page 310 and 311: Literature Egan, Andy (2004): ‘Se
Page 312 and 313: there is a tension between evaluati
Page 314 and 315: The Elimination of Meaning in Compu
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word 'norm' can be thought to expre
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Rule-following as Coordination: A G
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vast majority are bent: gruesome, g
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human life, the violent condition o
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A Division in Mind. The Misconceive
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A Division in Mind. The Misconceive
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could then deduce (1c) and conclude
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Neutral Monism. A Miraculous, Incoh
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Neutral Monism. A Miraculous, Incoh
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A somewhat Eliminativist Proposal a
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Impliziert der intentionale Redukti
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Impliziert der intentionale Redukti
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Structure of the Paradoxes, Structu
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Structure of the Paradoxes, Structu
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that he was working on a translatio
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Objects of Perception, Objects of S
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Objects of Perception, Objects of S
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Let us take the example of the hypo
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Reducing Sets to Modalities Rafał
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variables ai that (under an interpr
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Are Lamarckian Explanations Fully R
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A Note on Tractatus 5.521 Nuno Vent
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And he goes on saying, referring to
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The Place of Theory Reduction in th
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Ethik als irreduzibles Supervenienz
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unabhängig von denen ihrer Mitglie
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Das ‘schwierige Problem’ des Be
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The Supervenience Argument, Levels,
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The Supervenience Argument, Levels,
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their relations both to the physica
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On the Characterization of Objects
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On the Characterization of Objects
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The Functional Unity of Special Sci
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size, location, temporal characteri
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Transcendental Philosophy and Mind-
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From Topology to Logic. The Neural
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From Topology to Logic. The Neural
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The Calculus of Inductive Construct
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The Four-Color Theorem, Testimony a
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experience. Of course, a detailed a
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Clearly x = y → x = ext y holds,
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Intentional Fundamentalism Petri Yl
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The second dimension to be consider
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The very existence of the special s
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Heil, J. (1999), “Multiple Realiz
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independent of what is the fact, fa
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415
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Publications of the Austrian Ludwig
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