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Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev

Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev

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4 HYDROLYTIC MACERATION, EXPRESSION AND COLD FAT EXTRACTION Bibliography Anonymous, 2007, Brown International Corporation, Brown Oil Extractor Model 6100, 633 N. Barranca Avenue Covina, California. 91723-1297 USA. Available at: http://www.brown-intl.com/download/BOE.PDF. Anonymous, 1983, Food Machinery Corporation. Available at: http://fi les.asme.org/ ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5549.pdf Cooper, J. W. and Gunn, C., 1975, Tutorial Pharmacy, Carter S. J. (Ed.), Reprint CBS Publication, Dehli, p. 255 Ganga, A., Pinaga, A., Quero, A., Valles, S. and Ramon, D., 2001, Cell wall degrading enzyme in release of grape aroma precursors, Food Science and Technology International, 7: 83-87 Ghosh, D. and Laddha, K. S., 2005, Herbal drug extraction. Chemical Weekly, Raghavan R. (Ed.), Sevak Publications. 602-B, K. J. Somaiya Hospital Road, Sion (Ed), Mumbai India, p. 185 Goodrich, R. M. and Braddock, R. J. 2004, Major By-products of the Florida Citrus Processing Industry. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS). Available at: http://edis.ifas.ufl .edu/BODY_FS107#beginning Guenther, E., 1949, The Essential Oils, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. 257 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, a. Vol 3, p. 6-75, b. Vol 1, p. 189-200 Kim, D. H., Kim, J. H., Bae, S. E., Seo, J. H., Oh, T. K. and Lee, O. H., 2005, Enhancement of natural pigment extraction using Bacillus species xylanase, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(7): 2541-2545 Mc Mahon, H. M., Zoecklein, B. W. and Jasinski, Y. W., 1999, The effects of pre fermentation maceration temperature and percent alcohol (V/V) at press on the concentration of cabernet sauvignon grape glucosides and glycoside fractions, American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 50(4): 385-390 Rotter, B., 2006, Prefermentation cold maceration. Available at: www.brsquared.org/ wine/articles/coldsoak.htm Sambamurthy, K., 2002, Pharmaceutical Engineering (Reprint) New Age International (P.) Ltd. New Delhi, p. 174-175 Cross, S.D., 1986, Citrus juice extractor. FMC Corporation, Chicago III U.S. 4,700,620, Oct. 20, 1987 Tsuchiya, T. and Nakamura, C., 1979, Acetocarmine squash method for observing sugar beet chromosomes, Euphytica, 28(2): 249-256 92

EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 5 Decoction and Hot Continuous Extraction Techniques Abstract S. Tandon and S. Rane The chapter describes the techniques, parameters and equipment used for the extraction of plants by decoction and hot continuous extraction. Principles, mechanisms, merits and demerits of conventional solvent extraction and accelerated solvent extraction are also discussed. 5.1 Introduction Of the traditional methods of extraction of medicinal plant material for making an aqueous extract, decoction is one of the most described. Decoction is a water-based preparation to extract active compounds from medicinal plant materials. In this process, the liquid preparation is made by boiling the plant material with water. Decoction differs from infusion in that the latter is not actively boiled. Decoction is the method of choice when working with tough and fi brous plants, barks and roots and with plants that have water-soluble chemicals. The plant material is generally broken into small pieces or powdered. Different methods have been described for the preparation of decoctions. In the Ayurvedic method, traditionally known as kwatha, the crude drug in form of yavakuta (small pieces) is placed in earthen pots or tinned copper vessels with clay on the outside. Water is added and the pot is heated on a fi re. If the material is soft, four times water is used per 1 part drug; if the drug is moderately hard, eight times water is used and if the drug is very hard, sixteen times water is recommended. The mixture is then boiled on low fl ame until it is reduced to one-fourth starting volume, in case of soft drugs, and one-eighth in case of moderately or very hard drugs. The extract is then cooled and strained, and the fi ltrate is collected in clean vessels. 5.2 Solid-liquid Extraction Process Solid-liquid extraction is one of the most widely used unit operations in the medicinal and aromatic plant industry. One example of solid-liquid extraction is the solvent extraction of herbs. This process, also referred to as leaching, is a separation technique that is often employed to remove a solute from a solid mixture with the help of a solvent. The insoluble solid may be colossal and permeable; more often it is particulate and the particles may be openly porous, cellular with selectively permeable cell walls, or surface-activated. The stream of solids being leached and the accompanying liquid are known as the underfl ow. The solid content of the 93

4 HYDROLYTIC MACERATION, EXPRESSION AND COLD FAT EXTRACTION<br />

Bibliography<br />

Anonymous, 2007, Brown International Corporation, Brown Oil Extractor Model<br />

6100, 633 N. Barranca Avenue Covina, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia. 91723-1297 USA. Available<br />

at: http://www.brown-intl.com/download/BOE.PDF.<br />

Anonymous, 1983, Food Machinery Corporation. Available at: http://fi les.asme.org/<br />

ASMEORG/Communities/History/L<strong>and</strong>marks/5549.pdf<br />

Cooper, J. W. <strong>and</strong> Gunn, C., 1975, Tutorial Pharmacy, Carter S. J. (Ed.), Reprint CBS<br />

Publication, Dehli, p. 255<br />

Ganga, A., Pinaga, A., Quero, A., Valles, S. <strong>and</strong> Ramon, D., 2001, Cell wall degrading<br />

enzyme in release of grape aroma precursors, Food Science <strong>and</strong> Technology<br />

International, 7: 83-87<br />

Ghosh, D. <strong>and</strong> Laddha, K. S., 2005, Herbal drug extraction. Chemical Weekly, Raghavan<br />

R. (Ed.), Sevak Publications. 602-B, K. J. Somaiya Hospital Road, Sion (Ed),<br />

Mumbai India, p. 185<br />

Goodrich, R. M. <strong>and</strong> Braddock, R. J. 2004, Major By-products of the Florida Citrus<br />

Processing Industry. University of Florida, Institute of Food <strong>and</strong> Agricultural Sciences<br />

(UF/IFAS). Available at: http://edis.ifas.ufl .edu/BODY_FS107#beginning<br />

Guenther, E., 1949, The Essential Oils, D. Van Nostr<strong>and</strong> Company, Inc. 257 Fourth<br />

Avenue, New York 10, a. Vol 3, p. 6-75, b. Vol 1, p. 189-200<br />

Kim, D. H., Kim, J. H., Bae, S. E., Seo, J. H., Oh, T. K. <strong>and</strong> Lee, O. H., 2005, Enhancement<br />

of natural pigment extraction using Bacillus species xylanase, Journal of<br />

Agricultural <strong>and</strong> Food Chemistry, 53(7): 2541-2545<br />

Mc Mahon, H. M., Zoecklein, B. W. <strong>and</strong> Jasinski, Y. W., 1999, The effects of pre<br />

fermentation maceration temperature <strong>and</strong> percent alcohol (V/V) at press on the<br />

concentration of cabernet sauvignon grape glucosides <strong>and</strong> glycoside fractions,<br />

American Journal of Enology <strong>and</strong> Viticulture, 50(4): 385-390<br />

Rotter, B., 2006, Prefermentation cold maceration. Available at: www.brsquared.org/<br />

wine/articles/coldsoak.htm<br />

Sambamurthy, K., 2002, Pharmaceutical Engineering (Reprint) New Age International<br />

(P.) Ltd. New Delhi, p. 174-175<br />

Cross, S.D., 1986, Citrus juice extractor. FMC Corporation, Chicago III U.S. 4,700,620,<br />

Oct. 20, 1987<br />

Tsuchiya, T. <strong>and</strong> Nakamura, C., 1979, Acetocarmine squash method <strong>for</strong> observing<br />

sugar beet chromosomes, Euphytica, 28(2): 249-256<br />

92

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