Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev
Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev
3 MACERATION, PERCOLATION AND INFUSION TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 3.9 Conclusions The spectrum of constituents obtained by steady-state extraction (simple maceration) differs from that obtained by exhaustive extraction (percolation). With maceration, one can achieve a spectrum of constituents similar to that of percolation. Different extraction procedures may be considered to be equivalent if they respect critical quality parameters and if the analysis of numerous production batches confi rms their compliance with standards. Bibliography Anonymous, 1955, Indian Pharmacopoeia, the Manager of Publication, Delhi, p. 273 Anonymous, 1973, British Pharmaceutical Codex, the Pharmaceutical Press, London, p. 703-704 Anonymous, 1980, British Pharmacopoeia, VOL. II, University Press, Cambridge, London, p. 576 Anonymous, 2002, Bentley’s Text book of Pharmaceutics EA Rawlins (Ed.). Reprint, Bailliere Tindall, London/All India Traveller Book Selter, New Delhi Cooper, J. W. and Gunn, C., 1975, Tutorial Pharmacy, S. J., Carter Reprint, CBS Publication, Delhi, p. 251- 261 Cooper, J. W. and Gunn, C., 1985, General Pharmacy, CBS Publishers and Distributors Delhi, p. 308-333 Evans, W. C., 1998, Trease and Evan’s Pharmacognosy (14th Edition), W. B. Saunders Company Limited, London, p. 119 Sambamurthy, K., 2002, Pharmaceutical Engineering Reprint, New Age International (P.) Ltd., New Delhi, p. 173-194 Singh, J., Bagchi, G. D., and Khanuja, S. P .S., 2003, Manufacturing and quality control of Ayurvedic and herbal preparations, In: Verpoorte, R. and Mukherjee, P. K.(Eds), GMP for Botanicals, Regulatory and Quality Issues on Phytomedicine (1st Edition), Business Horizons, New Delhi, p. 201-230 Waldesch, F. G., Konigswinter, B. S., and Blasius, H., 2003, Herbal Medicinal Products, Medpharm, Stuttgart, Germany and CRS Press, London, p. 48-54 82
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 4 Hydrolytic Maceration, Expression and Cold Fat Extraction Abstract A. K. Singh The incorporation of bioactive ingredients without loss of activity into foods, fl avors, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and cosmaceutical products is very important. Extraction of active constituents from raw materials is an important and critical step in maintaining bioactivity. A number of methods are available for extraction, and these are selected in such a way that the activity of the phytoconstituents is retained. This paper discusses the processes of hydrolytic maceration, expression and cold fat extraction. 4.1 Introduction The extraction of active constituents from plants is one of the most critical steps in the development of natural products for commercial use. The simplest example of extraction may be brewing a cup of coffee, wherein caffeine and tannins are extracted from coffee beans in hot water. All living organisms contain complex mixtures of chemicals, usually held within cellular structural material (protein, lipid, polysaccharides etc.) of which some are desired while others are not. Thus, taking out the desired part from the whole crude drug is referred to as extraction and it is done in solvents where ingredients move from one phase to another. A number of methods are available for extraction and the choice among them is dictated by the physicochemical properties and stability of the phytoconstituents to be obtained. For the extraction of essential oils, the simplest methods are hydrodistillation and steam distillation while other methods also employed are cold fat extraction, expression, maceration and solvent extraction. Nowadays, more advanced technologies are used, such as supercritical fl uid extraction, solid phase micro-extraction and phytonic extraction. The present article deals with extraction by hydrolytic maceration, expression and cold fat extraction. 4.2 Hydrolytic Maceration The word maceration is derived from the Latin word maceratus, which means to soften. In reference to medicinal and aromatic plants, maceration refers to the preparation of a solution by soaking plant material in vegetable oil or water. Maceration methods are based on the immersion of crude drug in bulk solvent, while percolation methods depend on the fl ow 83
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3 MACERATION, PERCOLATION AND INFUSION TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS<br />
3.9 Conclusions<br />
The spectrum of constituents obtained by steady-state extraction<br />
(simple maceration) differs from that obtained by exhaustive extraction<br />
(percolation). With maceration, one can achieve a spectrum of constituents<br />
similar to that of percolation. Different extraction procedures may be considered<br />
to be equivalent if they respect critical quality parameters <strong>and</strong> if the<br />
analysis of numerous production batches confi rms their compliance with<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ards.<br />
Bibliography<br />
Anonymous, 1955, Indian Pharmacopoeia, the Manager of Publication, Delhi, p.<br />
273<br />
Anonymous, 1973, British Pharmaceutical Codex, the Pharmaceutical Press, London,<br />
p. 703-704<br />
Anonymous, 1980, British Pharmacopoeia, VOL. II, University Press, Cambridge, London,<br />
p. 576<br />
Anonymous, 2002, Bentley’s Text book of Pharmaceutics EA Rawlins (Ed.). Reprint,<br />
Bailliere Tindall, London/All India Traveller Book Selter, New Delhi<br />
Cooper, J. W. <strong>and</strong> Gunn, C., 1975, Tutorial Pharmacy, S. J., Carter Reprint, CBS Publication,<br />
Delhi, p. 251- 261<br />
Cooper, J. W. <strong>and</strong> Gunn, C., 1985, General Pharmacy, CBS Publishers <strong>and</strong> Distributors<br />
Delhi, p. 308-333<br />
Evans, W. C., 1998, Trease <strong>and</strong> Evan’s Pharmacognosy (14th Edition), W. B. Saunders<br />
Company Limited, London, p. 119<br />
Sambamurthy, K., 2002, Pharmaceutical Engineering Reprint, New Age International<br />
(P.) Ltd., New Delhi, p. 173-194<br />
Singh, J., Bagchi, G. D., <strong>and</strong> Khanuja, S. P .S., 2003, Manufacturing <strong>and</strong> quality<br />
control of Ayurvedic <strong>and</strong> herbal preparations, In: Verpoorte, R. <strong>and</strong> Mukherjee,<br />
P. K.(Eds), GMP <strong>for</strong> Botanicals, Regulatory <strong>and</strong> Quality Issues on Phytomedicine<br />
(1st Edition), Business Horizons, New Delhi, p. 201-230<br />
Waldesch, F. G., Konigswinter, B. S., <strong>and</strong> Blasius, H., 2003, Herbal <strong>Medicinal</strong> Products,<br />
Medpharm, Stuttgart, Germany <strong>and</strong> CRS Press, London, p. 48-54<br />
82