Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev

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CONTENTS 14.3.3.8 Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 14.4 Thin Layer Chromatography in Quality Control of Plant Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 14.4.1 Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 14.4.2 Selection of Chromatographic Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 14.4.3 TLC versus HPTLC Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 14.4.4 Selection of the Mobile Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 14.4.5 Application of Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 14.4.6 Developing the Chromatogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 14.4.7 Drying the Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 14.4.8 Derivatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 14.4.9 Evaluation of the Chromatograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 14.4.10 Improving the Effi ciency of TLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 14.5 High Performance Liquid Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 14.5.1 Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 14.5.2 Injector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 14.5.3 Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 14.5.4 Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 14.5.5 Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 14.5.6 Factors Affecting the HPLC Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 14.5.7 HPLC in Quality Control of Plant Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 14.6 TLC versus HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 14.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 20
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 1 An Overview of Extraction Techniques for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstract S. S. Handa A wide range of technologies is available for the extraction of active components and essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants. The choice depends on the economic feasibility and suitability of the process to the particular situation. The various processes of production of medicinal plant extracts and essential oils are reviewed in this paper. 1.1 Introduction Asia is the largest continent and has 60% of the world’s population. It has abundant medicinal and aromatic plant species, well documented traditional knowledge, a long-standing practice of traditional medicine, and the potential for social and economic development of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). Asia is one of the largest biodiversity regions in the world, containing some of the richest countries in plant resources. The continent has diverse plant fl ora but species richness is concentrated mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Six of the world’s 18 biodiversity hot spots, namely eastern Himalaya, North Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Philippines and the Western Ghats of South India, lie in Asia. The countries of the region have large fl ora: China has 30,000 species of higher plants; Indonesia, 20,000; India, 17,000; Myanmar, 14,000; Malaysia, 12,000; and Thailand, 12,000. The total numbers of plant species and the endemics in the region are given below: Region Species Endemics South East Asia 42-50,000 40,000 China and East Asia 45,000 18,650 Indian Subcontinent 25,000 12,000 South West Asia 23,000 7,100 Sustainable industrial exploitation of such a valuable bioresource, through use of appropriate technologies, can substantially contribute to the socio-economic growth of Asian countries. The International Centre for Science and High Technology (ICS-UNIDO) has thus organized this regional workshop on “extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants” for South East Asian countries. 21
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7 DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ESSEN
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9 SOLID PHASE MICRO-EXTRACTION AND
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12 FLASH CHROMATOGRAPHY AND LOW PRE
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY C
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY K
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY 1
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY a
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY W
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