Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev
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Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev

Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev

capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu
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30.10.2014 Views

9 SOLID PHASE MICRO-EXTRACTION AND HEADSPACE TRAPPING EXTRACTION 9.4.1 History of Headspace In November 1986, at the 10th International Congress on Essential Oils, in Washington DC, USA, Dr. B. D. Mookherjee presented a paper on the impact of “live vs. dead” on headspace trapping extraction, using as example jasmine fl owers. The SPME needle which is 2- to 3-mm solid glass fi ber coated with a high-boiling liquid adsorbent, is placed in close proximity to a fl ower without touching it and is kept there for a period of 30-60 min depending on the odor strength of the blossom. The aroma molecules around the petals are absorbed onto the fi ber. Then with GC/MS, the fi ber is analyzed to determine the aroma profi le of that particular fl ower. The aroma of the living fl ower was brought into space by NASA in 1998. 9.4.2 The Aura When the Sun is totally eclipsed by the moon, the surrounding glow is called an aura. Similarly, if we consider a drop of fragrance, the molecules surrounding the drop form an aura of that particular fragrance. It is a common belief that one smells a fragrance, layer by layer, from the top note of the volatile components, to the middle note of components with boiling points in the middle range, and fi nally to the bottom note of components with the highest boiling point. In reality, when a drop of fragrance is placed on the skin, several different molecules, from the lowest to the highest boiling types, irrespective of their molecular weights, boiling points and vapor pressures, form an aura, which eventually reaches our nose and gives us our fi rst impression of the particular fragrance. The composition of this aura depends on a characteristic property of each fragrance molecule, knows as its diffusivity. 9.4.3 What is Diffusivity? Diffusivity is the inherent property of a compound to emit its molecules into the air. One compound is said to be more diffusive than another if its molecules tend to pass into the air to a greater extent than those of other compounds. Diffusivity is independent of boiling point, molecular weight, odor threshold or odor value. 9.4.4 Application of Headspace Trapping Some examples of headspace trapping are discussed here. 154

EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 9.4.4.1 Jasmine The headspace constituents of living and picked Jasminum grandifl orum fl owers are: Compound Living flowers, % Picked flowers, % Benzyl acetate 60.0 40.0 Linalool 3.0 30.0 Indole 11.0 2.0 Cis-jasmone 3.0 -- 3,5-Dimethyl-2-ethyl pyrazine -- 0.5 Epi-methyl jasmonate 0.5 -- Methyl jasmonate 0.3 -- Differences in the volatile compounds of living fl owers from Jasminum grandifl orum and Jasminum sambac are: Compound J. grandiflorum, % J. sambac, % Methyl benzoate -- 5.0 Benzyl acetate 60.0 37.0 Indole 11.0 5.0 Linalool 3.0 9.0 Epi-methyl jasmonate 0.5 -- Methyl jasmonate 0.3 -- 9.4.4.2 Yellow Tea Rose The differences in headspace constituents between living and picked yellow tea rose fl owers are: Compound Living flowers, % Picked flowers, % Cis-3-hexenyl acetate 20.67 5.39 Hexyl acetate 8.40 4.26 Phenylethyl alcohol 5.73 3.30 3,5-Dimethoxy toluene 9.96 18.58 Alpha-elemene -- 4.07 Geranyl acetone 2.17 -- Dihydro-beta-ionol -- 2.62 Isocaryophyllene 0.30 2.12 Alpha-farnesene 5.83 2.96 155

EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS<br />

9.4.4.1 Jasmine<br />

The headspace constituents of living <strong>and</strong> picked Jasminum<br />

gr<strong>and</strong>ifl orum fl owers are:<br />

Compound Living flowers, % Picked flowers, %<br />

Benzyl acetate 60.0 40.0<br />

Linalool 3.0 30.0<br />

Indole 11.0 2.0<br />

Cis-jasmone 3.0 --<br />

3,5-Dimethyl-2-ethyl pyrazine -- 0.5<br />

Epi-methyl jasmonate 0.5 --<br />

Methyl jasmonate 0.3 --<br />

Differences in the volatile compounds of living fl owers from<br />

Jasminum gr<strong>and</strong>ifl orum <strong>and</strong> Jasminum sambac are:<br />

Compound J. gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum, % J. sambac, %<br />

Methyl benzoate -- 5.0<br />

Benzyl acetate 60.0 37.0<br />

Indole 11.0 5.0<br />

Linalool 3.0 9.0<br />

Epi-methyl jasmonate 0.5 --<br />

Methyl jasmonate 0.3 --<br />

9.4.4.2 Yellow Tea Rose<br />

The differences in headspace constituents between living <strong>and</strong><br />

picked yellow tea rose fl owers are:<br />

Compound Living flowers, % Picked flowers, %<br />

Cis-3-hexenyl acetate 20.67 5.39<br />

Hexyl acetate 8.40 4.26<br />

Phenylethyl alcohol 5.73 3.30<br />

3,5-Dimethoxy toluene 9.96 18.58<br />

Alpha-elemene -- 4.07<br />

Geranyl acetone 2.17 --<br />

Dihydro-beta-ionol -- 2.62<br />

Isocaryophyllene 0.30 2.12<br />

Alpha-farnesene 5.83 2.96<br />

155

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