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7 DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ESSENTIAL OILS within permissible limits, the process is carried out under vacuum or with the help of steam distillation. 7.6.1 Continuous Steam Distillation Steam distillation units involve manual charging and discharging of plant material from the tank still. These operations are labor intensive and time consuming. To overcome these problems, continuous steam distillation plants have been developed in the Soviet Union and have been in operation since the last couple of decades. These units are being used for distillation of lavender and require negligible manual handing. Capacities of 2 tonnes per hour are quite common. Incoming plant material is fi rst chopped with special ensilage cutters and then conveyed to the top of a tall distillation column by means of a belt conveyor. The movement of material inside the column is by gravity or by special helical screw conveyors. Sometimes two columns in series are used for complete removal of oil. Steam is injected at multiple points in the column. Spent material is continuously ejected out of the bottom of the distillation column by special screw conveyors with a vapor lock which does not allow steam to escape. Fabrication and operation of continuous distillation columns is rather complicated and these have not yet gained acceptance and popularity outside the former Soviet Union. In another development, containerized distillation is also being used for the distillation of Mentha piperita and lavender in some parts of the United States. In this method, large capacity containers mounted on wheels are attached to a harvester which directly loads the plant material into the containers from the fi elds (these containers have inbuilt steam coils); these are then taken to the distillation area where steam is directly connected to the coils and the top is closed and connected through a vapor line to the condenser and subsequently to the oil separator. 7.7 Conclusions Distillation is the most widely used method for the extraction of essential oils. Proper selection of the distillation technique, design and material of fabrication of the equipment, and processing parameters all play vital roles in determining the quality and yield of an essential oil. 126
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Bibliography Ames, G. R. and Matthews, W. S. A., 1969, The distillation of essential oils, Perfumery & Essential Oil Records, 9-18 Boucard, G. R. and Serth, W. R., 1991, A continuous steam stripping process for the distillation of essential oils, Perfumer and Flavorist, 16(2): 1-8 Denny, E. F. K., 1969, Hydro distillation of oils from aromatic herbs, Perfumer and Flavours, 14(4): 57-63 Denny, E. F. K., 1989, The new approach to oil distillation from the herb, Indian Perfumer, 33(1): 70-75 Denny, E. F. K., 1991, Field Distillation for Herbaceous Oils (2nd Edition.), Denny- McKenzie, Assoc., Lilydale, Tasmania, p. 265 Guenther, E., 1965, The Essential Oils, Vol 4, D. Van Nostrand Co., New Jersey, p. 682 Kahol, A. P., 1984, Distillation Technology. In: Practical Manual on: The Essential Oils Industry, Wijesekera, R. O. B (Ed.), UNIDO, Vienna Lawrence, B. M., 1995, The Isolation of Aromatic Materials from Natural Plant Products. In: A Manual on the Essential Oil Industry, Tuley De Silva (Ed.), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria 127
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