Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic ... - Capacity4Dev

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PREFACE the latest extraction methods for aromatic plants include headspace trapping, solid phase micro-extraction, protoplast extraction, microdistillation, thermomicrodistillation and molecular distillation. With the increasing demand for herbal medicinal products, nutraceuticals, and natural products for health care all over the world, medicinal plant extract manufacturers and essential oil producers have started using the most appropriate extraction technologies in order to produce extracts and essential oils of defi ned quality with the least variations from batch to batch. Such approach has to be adopted by MAP-rich developing countries in order to meet the increasing requirement of good quality extracts and essential oils for better revenue generation within the country, as well as for capturing this market in developed countries. The basic parameters infl uencing the quality of an extract are the plant parts used as starting material, the solvent used for extraction, the manufacturing process (extraction technology) used with the type of equipment employed, and the crude-drug:extract ratio. The use of appropriate extraction technology, plant material, manufacturing equipment, extraction method and solvent and the adherence to good manufacturing practices certainly help to produce a good quality extract. From laboratory scale to pilot scale, all the conditions and parameters can be modelled using process simulation for successful industrial-scale production. With the advances in extraction technologies and better knowledge for maintaining quality parameters, it has become absolutely necessary to disseminate such information to emerging and developing countries with a rich MAP biodiversity for the best industrial utilization of MAP resources. The experts at the South-East Asian (SEA) Regional Workshop entitled ˝Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,˝ held in 2006 in Lucknow, India, agreed to prepare a publication on extraction principles, technologies and analytical techniques for quality control of raw materials and processed products in the form of extracts and essential oils for medicinal and aromatic plants. This book focuses on different techniques of hydrodistillation, steam distillation, cohobation and fractional distillation of volatile oils from aromatic plants and on water-solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction for medicinal plant extracts. It also discusses general, specific and advanced technologies for preparing extracts of medicinal plants and the extraction of volatile oils and fragrances from aromatic plants. This book is intended to equip emerging and developing countries with techniques of extraction that can help them to produce economical and globally competitive quality extracts. Gennaro Longo Chief of Environment Area Special Adviser on Technology Development 8
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Contents 1 An Overview of Extraction Techniques for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, S. S. Handa . . . . . . Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Medicinal Plant Extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 General Methods of Extraction of Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.1 Maceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.2 Infusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.3 Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.4 Decoction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.5 Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.6 Hot Continuous Extraction (Soxhlet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.7 Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction by Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.8 Counter-current Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.9 Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.10 Supercritical Fluid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.11 Phytonics Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.11.1 Advantages of the Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.11.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1.12 Parameters for Selecting an Appropriate Extraction Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Steps Involved in the Extraction of Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.1 Size Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.2 Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.2.1 Cold Aqueous Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.2.2 Hot Aqueous Extraction (Decoction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.2.3 Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.2.4 Spray Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.3 Solvent Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.3.1 Cold Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.3.2 Hot Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2.3.3 Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Aromatic Plant Extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Absolutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Resinoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 Pomades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5 Essential Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.1 Sources of Natural Essential Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.2 Essential Oil Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3 Methods of Producing Essential Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 25 25 25 26 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 32 33 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 37 37 9
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7 DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ESSEN
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9 SOLID PHASE MICRO-EXTRACTION AND
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