Hydro-ecological relations in the Delta Waters

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The storm surke of L&Z1 A.D., knorm as St. ELisabeth's flood, had a big impact in this respect. It caused a drastic change in the courses of the =in rivers and conaiderable losses of laud (Rig. 1). Due to these land losses - the extensive tidal marsh lands of the Biesllosch originate from this flood - the tidal prisms of the early Haringvliet. erevelingeu and Oosrerschelde increased considerably, resulting in a further deepeniag and widening of these basins. The former Eeliniua on the contrary showed a decrease of tidal prism and as a result silted up. This pzocesa of siltation still was continuing during the 19th century, lead* to the need of coustmcting the Botterdam Waremay (1868) fm order to ensure aecess to the Botterdam harbours (Van den Berg. 1987). The Qosterschelde inLet hardly did not change position since Roman times. Bowever, the shape oE tbe estuary ewersince has changed considPrably. Originally the Oosterschelde was the main distributary of; the river Skheldt. From about 700 &.D. the mere southerly Westerschelde estuary developed from a small tidal inlet, during Rman times located approximately at the present Dutch-Belgian border (Rig. 1; benders. 19861. The Westet~chelde gradually took over the discharge of the river Gcheldt. At the end of the 16th century the Oosterschelde practically had lost all importance as a distributary of Scheldt waters. Revertheless, in contrast to the silting up of the Heliniua after diparsim of the mHin courses of the rivers Rhine and Pleuse, the Oostersmhelde showed intensified erosion. An explanation for this renarkable different behaviour Q the dramatie increase of the Oostersehelde's tidal prism due to extensive lwd losses. Apart from the effeers of the earlier mentioned St. Wsabeth's flood. it 1s estimated that as a result of another notorious storm surge (St. Pelix's flood of 1530). the Ooseerschelde basin was enlarsd to such extend that it's tidal prism must have increased by at least 50% (Van den Berg, 1986). The erosive respouse to this inczease of tidal prism still is visible during the 19th century CFig. 2).
Figure B GnDSs :sectiun~2 df the '(108tersche1Be falet h in&erent p'er.Faak, i1l~afzat.i~ eh& &aep.egiq@ of &amrIs md ,expaneaon M shoals (.Van BeetpX, 1877; Bm., 19XI ltwex, tha ezqsboa preews,. dus4ng. cWs piad Camat he eqlaiaeB &S !a s& +W$?tion :CO tke meB*aL Saad Z@ssps. DwtW the lStIi aM Wi3i cwt- 6he tidal .prig@ of the .WterSchaLde Xilm-remed -Bet due td .a penias ,eiuil ,.cag.%wez&g &S. ewh fwti@iae a m1.e U&me pmpapaZb af tib CZs8le 1;. p9rs .den Ba*, 1987; ,%a Vq&cSel, 1977). Table 1 Ciail eu@kaering marks fn the l.a&wexd pwfs vf the @eseerach&Cie IW34370 M. 1978) 1851-1885 construction of the Nieuwe Mewede 1888-1907 construction of the Bergse Naas; normalisation of the Amer 1931 construction of the Bellegatdam l965 construction of the Grwelingen Dam 1969 construction of the Volkerak Dapl 1850- dreQing and saadnhing
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Netherlands organkation fw applied
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TNO Commlitee on Hydrological Resea
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2 RIVER WATER AM) THE QPALITH OF TB
Page 8:
B.J.M. Baptist BIJkswaterstaat. Tid
Page 11 and 12:
This approach will put to use what
Page 13 and 14:
Estuaries that have not been influe
Page 15 and 16:
2 CHIWGES XN TEE DELTA The Delta ar
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area decltned cnnside~ably, leadins
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Plan, then it is apparent tbt the s
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Tiddl flats df the Eastem Seheldt v
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tracefore possible to convert the a
Page 25 and 26:
Figsrlre 7 Changes in the cadrnrum
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prevention measures are desirable h
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elationships between different spec
Page 31 and 32: Bio-essay Weriments with polluted s
Page 33 and 34: considerable thought to drawing up
Page 35 and 36: ShLOUONS, W. and BYSINK, W.D., 1981
Page 37 and 38: are taken. The first year after the
Page 39 and 40: The Hollands DiepJnaringpllet is pa
Page 41 and 42: In 1976 the determination of chlozo
Page 43 and 44: , 0.66 m 0,s - 0.02 1989 I 0.86 - 0
Page 45 and 46: Table 3 Eutrophication of the Volke
Page 47 and 48: Laks Volkarek ---- Lake Zoom 0.40 0
Page 49 and 50: 4 WAGBEET MEdSIIRaS TO PEEVBT OR LT
Page 51 and 52: Table 5 gives estimtes of the phosp
Page 53 and 54: In principle, two states of equilib
Page 55 and 56: Zooplankton (Alma affinis) Pike (Es
Page 58 and 59: EUTROPHICATION OF ESTUAAIES AND BRA
Page 60 and 61: The average discharge of Xhine and
Page 62 and 63: and only l-2% cows frm the aive Sch
Page 64 and 65: highest trophic potential: nutrient
Page 66 and 67: period 1980-19$3 in an increase of
Page 68 and 69: model calculations reveal that a ni
Page 70 and 71: Table 3 PreUmInary carbon budget of
Page 72 and 73: Water life of Lake Grevelingen
Page 74 and 75: macrophytes livkg on or rooting in
Page 76 and 77: less predictable for water managers
Page 78 and 79: ILWNEWIJK, A.. KEIP, C., 1988. De v
Page 80 and 81: XBE CHANGING TmAL LAMXiCAPE I N TEE
Page 84 and 85: osi* rn@8IOIP m .SL 4 Has F~~ULB 3
Page 86 and 87: During the 19th century man starts
Page 88 and 89: mudflats have retreated some 100-20
Page 90 and 91: aq811~33a.e~ pue 3pTatlJS uxaJsafi
Page 92 and 93: Erosion by waves of sandy shoals (c
Page 94 and 95: Lt has been estimated that the sedi
Page 96 and 97: Implementafion of the Delta Project
Page 98 and 99: ECOLOGICAL DEVELOWdENT OF SALT MAKS
Page 100 and 101: fn tidal water systems sedimentatio
Page 102 and 103: hierarchical position. Tn the egtua
Page 104 and 105: Of course. tke environmental change
Page 106 and 107: wind erasson, desaliuation, aeratio
Page 108 and 109: Fonner tirtal flats with saltmarsh
Page 110 and 111: Grevelingen. Lake Veere and Krammer
Page 112 and 113: As mentioned above aa important que
Page 114 and 115: A seaond important perspective for
Page 116: BEEEXNX, W.D. and 80ZBf&. J. L9M. T
Page 119 and 120: are determining the dfstrlbution af
Page 121 and 122: this volume or in Duutsaa, et aL, 1
Page 123 and 124: artificial waterflow was created af
Page 125 and 126: of waterbirds occur regulsrly. The
Page 127 and 128: . DISTRIBUXIOBI OF WATEJBIRoS OVER
Page 129 and 130: small bird$ extludiag them vill net
Page 131 and 132: In order to lsok for relatiouehips
Page 133 and 134:
Table 3 Biomass of macroroobenthos
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freshwater basins. Clearly the pres
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scmthem bottueary o-f the winter di
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OCLURRENCE AND DIET QF B ~T .tUQ 80
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5.2 H- factors Next to all fartors
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Bewick's Swans (Cygnus columbariusl
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m's activiries do not always have t
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measure affecting food supply or av
Page 149 and 150:
DOQiWT$QS, G. 4 TWISK, F., 1987. De
Page 151 and 152:
MEININGEB, P.L. and HAPEREX, A.M.M.
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PISCIVORES Litfle Grebe Great Crest
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IPYBRO-EGOLOOIOAL BELATIONB ZN THE
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apart from upstream purification; -
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Storm surge barrier Eastern Scheldt
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- In addition to existing managemen
Page 164 and 165:
Nature is pliable. Belattvely young
Page 166 and 167:
Ro. 1. No. 2. SQ. 3. Investigations
Page 168 and 169:
25. The relation between water quan
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Hydro-ecological relations in the Delta Waters

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