Hydro-ecological relations in the Delta Waters

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Table 1 Some important physical and chemical characteristics of the different beins in the Delta area. Voordelta (W). Mammer- Volkerak (m). Oosterschelde (OS), Westerschelde (WS), Orevelingen (W), Veerse Meer (W). Haringvliet (W). Eollands Diep (W). Bieshosch (BB). (' VM tidal range is difference between winter and summer level.) VaLkerak sluices, the Oosterschelde had a much more estuarine character. TBe relatively Eew and small d t 81a+ahe8 are restricted to the eaatern part, whereas extensive tidal flats occur all aver the estoav. Tbs nornleastern branch of the estualy (Keeten, Mastgat, Zijpe) continues as the Hrrrrmmer-Wolkerak. The freshwater input here was regulated by the Volkerak sluices at about 50 m9/s. In both Oosterschelde and Krammer-Volkerak there is d very intense mussel culture. Although most of the musselbeds occur snhlitoral, the intertidal ones are extremely important for hirde. The Grevalingen Weer was created in 1971 after the closure of the Brouwersdam and is a saline lake. Water ephange with the North Sea was re-established in 1978 when a sluice in the Brouwersdam becae operational and an
artificial waterflow was created after the eonstruction of a sluice itl the GreveUagendaw in 1985. This had profound ei5ecee on wa.arerqsalitp (Bannink, et al. 1986). Large musselbeds and extensive fields of Eelgrass (Zostera marb) occvr in €he Lake. The Veerse Meer was created in 1961 after the closure of the Veerse Gat Dam and the Zandkreelrdam. To imptooe trater drainage frnm the surrounding poldezs the warerlevel is lowered about 70 cm Yn winter and raised again in sprins with water frbm tbe OosterseheLde. This managemt reaulted in a bnackish, wy errtf~phic lake- As a consequence searreeds. especially UWa sp., are very common and in the deeper parts of the lake qnoxic eonaitims prevail during most of the year (due to stratifieation). Be Earingvliet, formerly a typical estuarine area, and the Bollands D+ep and Biesbosch, formerlg freshwater tidal areas, became freshwater lakes rsith every small tidal influence (abmut 20 cm) after the cpprrtructiou of the Valkerakdm in 1970 and the BaringvUetdam fn 1971. These basttls are important for the diseharge of the rivers Rijn and Maas. Fluctuations of the WrtterleveL are accordin&ly related to the river discharge. The reduction of current velocities after the closure resadred in a very high sedWn
Page 1 and 2:
Netherlands organkation fw applied
Page 4 and 5:
TNO Commlitee on Hydrological Resea
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2 RIVER WATER AM) THE QPALITH OF TB
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B.J.M. Baptist BIJkswaterstaat. Tid
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This approach will put to use what
Page 13 and 14:
Estuaries that have not been influe
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2 CHIWGES XN TEE DELTA The Delta ar
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area decltned cnnside~ably, leadins
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Plan, then it is apparent tbt the s
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Tiddl flats df the Eastem Seheldt v
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tracefore possible to convert the a
Page 25 and 26:
Figsrlre 7 Changes in the cadrnrum
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prevention measures are desirable h
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elationships between different spec
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Bio-essay Weriments with polluted s
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considerable thought to drawing up
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ShLOUONS, W. and BYSINK, W.D., 1981
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are taken. The first year after the
Page 39 and 40:
The Hollands DiepJnaringpllet is pa
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In 1976 the determination of chlozo
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, 0.66 m 0,s - 0.02 1989 I 0.86 - 0
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Table 3 Eutrophication of the Volke
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Laks Volkarek ---- Lake Zoom 0.40 0
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4 WAGBEET MEdSIIRaS TO PEEVBT OR LT
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Table 5 gives estimtes of the phosp
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In principle, two states of equilib
Page 55 and 56:
Zooplankton (Alma affinis) Pike (Es
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EUTROPHICATION OF ESTUAAIES AND BRA
Page 60 and 61:
The average discharge of Xhine and
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and only l-2% cows frm the aive Sch
Page 64 and 65:
highest trophic potential: nutrient
Page 66 and 67:
period 1980-19$3 in an increase of
Page 68 and 69:
model calculations reveal that a ni
Page 70 and 71:
Table 3 PreUmInary carbon budget of
Page 72 and 73: Water life of Lake Grevelingen
Page 74 and 75: macrophytes livkg on or rooting in
Page 76 and 77: less predictable for water managers
Page 78 and 79: ILWNEWIJK, A.. KEIP, C., 1988. De v
Page 80 and 81: XBE CHANGING TmAL LAMXiCAPE I N TEE
Page 82 and 83: The storm surke of L&Z1 A.D., knorm
Page 84 and 85: osi* rn@8IOIP m .SL 4 Has F~~ULB 3
Page 86 and 87: During the 19th century man starts
Page 88 and 89: mudflats have retreated some 100-20
Page 90 and 91: aq811~33a.e~ pue 3pTatlJS uxaJsafi
Page 92 and 93: Erosion by waves of sandy shoals (c
Page 94 and 95: Lt has been estimated that the sedi
Page 96 and 97: Implementafion of the Delta Project
Page 98 and 99: ECOLOGICAL DEVELOWdENT OF SALT MAKS
Page 100 and 101: fn tidal water systems sedimentatio
Page 102 and 103: hierarchical position. Tn the egtua
Page 104 and 105: Of course. tke environmental change
Page 106 and 107: wind erasson, desaliuation, aeratio
Page 108 and 109: Fonner tirtal flats with saltmarsh
Page 110 and 111: Grevelingen. Lake Veere and Krammer
Page 112 and 113: As mentioned above aa important que
Page 114 and 115: A seaond important perspective for
Page 116: BEEEXNX, W.D. and 80ZBf&. J. L9M. T
Page 119 and 120: are determining the dfstrlbution af
Page 121: this volume or in Duutsaa, et aL, 1
Page 125 and 126: of waterbirds occur regulsrly. The
Page 127 and 128: . DISTRIBUXIOBI OF WATEJBIRoS OVER
Page 129 and 130: small bird$ extludiag them vill net
Page 131 and 132: In order to lsok for relatiouehips
Page 133 and 134: Table 3 Biomass of macroroobenthos
Page 135 and 136: freshwater basins. Clearly the pres
Page 137 and 138: scmthem bottueary o-f the winter di
Page 139 and 140: OCLURRENCE AND DIET QF B ~T .tUQ 80
Page 141 and 142: 5.2 H- factors Next to all fartors
Page 143 and 144: Bewick's Swans (Cygnus columbariusl
Page 145 and 146: m's activiries do not always have t
Page 147 and 148: measure affecting food supply or av
Page 149 and 150: DOQiWT$QS, G. 4 TWISK, F., 1987. De
Page 151 and 152: MEININGEB, P.L. and HAPEREX, A.M.M.
Page 153 and 154: PISCIVORES Litfle Grebe Great Crest
Page 156 and 157: IPYBRO-EGOLOOIOAL BELATIONB ZN THE
Page 158 and 159: apart from upstream purification; -
Page 160 and 161: Storm surge barrier Eastern Scheldt
Page 162 and 163: - In addition to existing managemen
Page 164 and 165: Nature is pliable. Belattvely young
Page 166 and 167: Ro. 1. No. 2. SQ. 3. Investigations
Page 168 and 169: 25. The relation between water quan
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Hydro-ecological relations in the Delta Waters

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