The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
The Handbook of Discourse Analysis The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
452 Roger W. Shuy Gibbons, John. 1994. Language and the Law. London: Longman. Halliday, M. A. K. and Ruqaiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Halliday, Michael and Raquia Hassan. 1986. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Hollien, Harry. 1990. The Acoustics of Crime. New York: Plenum. Levi, Judith and Anne Walker (eds). 1990. Language in the Judicial Process. New York: Plenum. McMenamin, Gerald. 1993. Forensic Stylistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Rieber, Robert and William Stewart (eds). 1990. The Language Scientist as Expert in the Legal Setting. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 606, no. 6, 85–105. Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scinto, Leonard. 1986. Written Language and Psychological Development. Sydney: Academic Press. Shuy, Roger. 1982. Topic as the unit of analysis in a criminal law case. In Deborah Tannen (ed.), Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 113–26. Shuy, Roger. 1990. Warning labels: language, law and comprehensibility. American Speech, 65.4: 291–303. Shuy, Roger. 1993. Language Crimes. Oxford: Blackwell. Shuy, Roger. 1994. Deceit, distress, and false imprisonment. Forensic Linguistics, 1.2: 133–49. Solan, Lawrence. 1993. The Language of Judges. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Stygall, Gail. 1994. Trial Language. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Tannen, Deborah (ed.). 1982. Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. Tannen, Deborah. 1984. Conversational Style. Norwood NJ: Ablex. Tannen, Deborah (ed.). 1988. Linguistics in Context. Norwood NJ: Ablex. Tosi, Oscar. 1979. Voice Identification. Baltimore: University Park Press. United States Congress. 1984. FBI Undercover Operations. Washington: US Government Printing Office. Wallace, William. 1986. The admissibility of expert testimony on the discourse analysis of recorded conversations. University of Florida Law Review, 38.1: 69–115.
The Discourse of Medical Encounters 453 23 The Discourse of Medical Encounters NANCY AINSWORTH-VAUGHN 0 Introduction There is a huge cross-disciplinary literature on medical encounters. Lipkin et al. estimate 7000 titles (1995: ix) overall, and one computerized bibliography contains 3000 articles (Putnam and Sherman 1995). However, as Fleischman (this volume) points out, there are significant differences among the interests, theories, and methodologies brought to bear on talk in medical encounters. In this huge literature, most studies of medical encounters are atheoretical about language. Since most of the linguistically atheoretical studies are oriented toward medical praxis, I will refer to this group as the “praxis literature.” In the praxis literature, talk-as-data usually disappears in the first steps of the research. These first steps involve assigning a single functional meaning (e.g. information-giving, affective display) to each utterance and then coding utterances into functional categories, so that they can be quantified. Language is assumed to be the transparent vehicle of meaning. For these reasons, the praxis literature does not provide discourse data, although it does provide data on speakers’ intuitions and it can have tangential bearing upon discourse issues. The “discourse literature,” by contrast, consists of analyses of talk itself. The analyses grow out of contemporary theories about sequential, situated discourse (e.g. conversation analysis, interactional sociolinguistics, the ethnography of communication). The discourse literature is a relatively new one. Although articles date from the 1970s (e.g. Shuy 1976), the major books devoted entirely to the discourse of medical encounters have all been published since 1984 (Mishler 1984; West 1984b; Fisher 1986; Silverman 1987; Davis 1988; Todd 1989; von Raffler-Engel 1990; Fisher and Todd 1993; Weijts 1993; Ferrara 1994; Ainsworth-Vaughn 1998a). In the praxis literature, and to a large extent in the discourse literature, research has had an explicit or implicit orientation toward the balance of power between patient and physician. An overt or underlying research question is: what is the relationship between the power balance and what participants say? In order to address this question, we need first to analyze power (see Ainsworth- Vaughn 1995, 1998a, for a complete discussion of power and discourse). Power is
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452 Roger W. Shuy<br />
Gibbons, John. 1994. Language and the Law.<br />
London: Longman.<br />
Halliday, M. A. K. and Ruqaiya Hasan.<br />
1976. Cohesion in English. London:<br />
Longman.<br />
Halliday, Michael and Raquia Hassan.<br />
1986. Cohesion in English. London:<br />
Longman.<br />
Hollien, Harry. 1990. <strong>The</strong> Acoustics <strong>of</strong><br />
Crime. New York: Plenum.<br />
Levi, Judith and Anne Walker (eds). 1990.<br />
Language in the Judicial Process. New<br />
York: Plenum.<br />
McMenamin, Gerald. 1993. Forensic<br />
Stylistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.<br />
Rieber, Robert and William Stewart (eds).<br />
1990. <strong>The</strong> Language Scientist as Expert<br />
in the Legal Setting. New York: New<br />
York Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences, 606, no. 6,<br />
85–105.<br />
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. <strong>Discourse</strong> Markers.<br />
Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />
Press.<br />
Scinto, Leonard. 1986. Written Language<br />
and Psychological Development. Sydney:<br />
Academic Press.<br />
Shuy, Roger. 1982. Topic as the unit <strong>of</strong><br />
analysis in a criminal law case. In<br />
Deborah Tannen (ed.), Analyzing<br />
<strong>Discourse</strong>: Text and Talk. Washington<br />
DC: Georgetown University Press,<br />
113–26.<br />
Shuy, Roger. 1990. Warning labels:<br />
language, law and comprehensibility.<br />
American Speech, 65.4: 291–303.<br />
Shuy, Roger. 1993. Language Crimes.<br />
Oxford: Blackwell.<br />
Shuy, Roger. 1994. Deceit, distress,<br />
and false imprisonment. Forensic<br />
Linguistics, 1.2: 133–49.<br />
Solan, Lawrence. 1993. <strong>The</strong> Language <strong>of</strong><br />
Judges. Chicago: University <strong>of</strong><br />
Chicago Press.<br />
Stygall, Gail. 1994. Trial Language.<br />
Philadelphia: John Benjamins.<br />
Tannen, Deborah (ed.). 1982. Analyzing<br />
<strong>Discourse</strong>: Text and Talk. Washington<br />
DC: Georgetown University Press.<br />
Tannen, Deborah. 1984. Conversational<br />
Style. Norwood NJ: Ablex.<br />
Tannen, Deborah (ed.). 1988. Linguistics in<br />
Context. Norwood NJ: Ablex.<br />
Tosi, Oscar. 1979. Voice Identification.<br />
Baltimore: University Park Press.<br />
United States Congress. 1984. FBI<br />
Undercover Operations. Washington:<br />
US Government Printing Office.<br />
Wallace, William. 1986. <strong>The</strong> admissibility<br />
<strong>of</strong> expert testimony on the discourse<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> recorded conversations.<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Florida Law Review, 38.1:<br />
69–115.
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