The Handbook of Discourse Analysis

The Handbook of Discourse Analysis The Handbook of Discourse Analysis

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344 Jane A. Edwards 5 General Discussion and Conclusion The present chapter has provided an overview of factors which are relevant whenever transcripts are used. The transcript is an invaluable asset in discourse analyses, but it is never theory-neutral. Awareness of alternatives and their biases is an important part of their use. It is hoped that this chapter contributes to effective use of transcripts and to the continued development of discourse methodology more generally. REFERENCES Altenberg, B. 1990. Some functions of the booster. In The London–Lund Corpus of Spoken English: Description and Research, ed. Jan Svartvik. 193–209. Lund: Lund University Press. Armstrong, Lilias E., and Ward, Ida C. 1942. Handbook of English Intonation. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons. Barras, Claude, Geoffrois, Edouard, Wu, Zhibiao, and Liberman, Mark. 1998. Transcriber: a free tool for segmenting, labeling and transcribing speech. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), 1373–6. May 1998. (Available at www.etca.fr/CTA/gip/publis.html.) Beckman, Mary E., and Ayers, Gayle Elam. 1997. Guidelines for ToBI Labelling, Version 3. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Research Foundation. Bell, Alexander Melville. 1867. Visible Speech: The Science of Universal Alphabetics, or Self-interpreting Physiological Letters, for the Writing of All Languages in one Alphabet. London: Simpkin, Marshall. Bloom, Lois. 1973. One Word at a Time: The Use of Single Word Utterances Before Syntax. The Hague, Mouton. Bloom, Lois. 1993. Transcription and coding for child language research: the parts are more than the whole. In Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research, eds Jane A. Edwards and Martin D. Lampert. 149–66. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Bolinger, Dwight. 1986. Intonation and its Parts: Melody in Spoken English. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Bourlard, Herve, and Morgan, Nelson. 1994. Connectionist Speech Recognition: A Hybrid Approach. Boston: Kluwer Academic. Brown, Gillian, Currie, Karen L., and Kenworthy, Joanne. 1980. Questions of Intonation. London: Croom Helm. Burnard, Lou. 1995. The Text Encoding Initiative: an overview. In Spoken English on Computer: Transcript, Mark-up and Application, eds Geoffrey Leech, Greg Myers, and Jenny Thomas. 69–81. New York: Longman. Butler, Christopher. 1985. Systemic Linguistics: Theory and Applications. London: Batsford Academic and Educational. Chafe, Wallace L. 1987. Cognitive constraints on information flow. In Coherence and Grounding in Discourse, ed. Russell S. Tomlin. 21–51. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Chafe, Wallace L. 1993. Prosodic and functional units of language. In Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research, eds Jane A. Edwards and Martin D. Lampert. 33–43. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

The Transcription of Discourse 345 Chafe, Wallace L., Du Bois, John W., and Thompson, Sandra A. 1991. Towards a new corpus of spoken American English. In English Corpus Linguistics, eds Karin Aijmer and Bengt Altenberg. 64–82. New York: Longman. Coniam, David. 1998. Speech recognition: accuracy in the speech-to-text process. TEXT Technology, 8.1–13. Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth. 1986. An Introduction to English Prosody. London: Edward Arnold. Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth. 1993. English Speech Rhythm: Form and Function in Everyday Verbal Interaction. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Crowdy, Steve. 1995. The BNC Corpus. In Spoken English on Computer: Transcript, Mark-up and Application, eds Geoffrey Leech, Greg Myers, and Jenny Thomas. 224–34. New York: Longman. Cruttenden, Alan. 1997. Intonation. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D. 1969. Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English. New York: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D. 1975. The English Tone of Voice: Essays in Intonation, Prosody and Paralanguage. London: Edward Arnold. Crystal, D. 1980. The analysis of nuclear tones. In The Melody of Language, eds Linda R. Waugh and C. H. van Schooneveld. 55–70. Baltimore: University Park Press. Du Bois, John W. 1991. Transcription design principles for spoken language research. Pragmatics, 1.71–106. Du Bois, John W., and Schuetze-Coburn, Stephan. 1993. Representing hierarchy: constitute hierarchy for discourse databases. In Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research, eds Jane A. Edwards and Martin D. Lampert. 221–60. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Du Bois, John W., Schuetze-Coburn, Stephan, Cumming, Susanna, and Paolino, Danae. 1993. Outline of discourse transcription. In Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research, eds Jane A. Edwards and Martin D. Lampert. 45–89. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dutoit, Thierry. 1997. An Introduction to Text-to-speech Synthesis. Boston: Kluwer Academic. Edwards, Jane A. 1989. Transcription and the New Functionalism: A Counterproposal to CHILDES’ CHAT Conventions. Technical Report, No. 60. Berkeley: UC Berkeley, Cognitive Science Program. Edwards, Jane A. 1992a. Computer methods in child language research: Four principles for the use of archived data. Journal of Child Language, 19.435–58. Edwards, Jane A. 1992b. Design principles for the transcription of spoken discourse. In Directions in Corpus Linguistics: Proceedings of the Nobel Symposium 82, Stockholm, August 4–8, 1991, ed. Jan Svartvik. 129–47. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Edwards, Jane A. 1992c. Transcription in discourse. In Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, vol. 1, ed. William Bright. 367–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Edwards, Jane A. 1993a. Perfecting research techniques in an imperfect world. Journal of Child Language, 20.209–16. Edwards, Jane A. 1993b. Principles and contrasting systems of discourse transcription. In Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research, eds Jane A. Edwards and Martin D. Lampert. 3–31. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

344 Jane A. Edwards<br />

5 General Discussion and Conclusion<br />

<strong>The</strong> present chapter has provided an overview <strong>of</strong> factors which are relevant whenever<br />

transcripts are used. <strong>The</strong> transcript is an invaluable asset in discourse analyses, but it<br />

is never theory-neutral. Awareness <strong>of</strong> alternatives and their biases is an important<br />

part <strong>of</strong> their use. It is hoped that this chapter contributes to effective use <strong>of</strong> transcripts<br />

and to the continued development <strong>of</strong> discourse methodology more generally.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Altenberg, B. 1990. Some functions <strong>of</strong> the<br />

booster. In <strong>The</strong> London–Lund Corpus<br />

<strong>of</strong> Spoken English: Description and<br />

Research, ed. Jan Svartvik. 193–209.<br />

Lund: Lund University Press.<br />

Armstrong, Lilias E., and Ward, Ida C.<br />

1942. <strong>Handbook</strong> <strong>of</strong> English Intonation.<br />

Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons.<br />

Barras, Claude, Ge<strong>of</strong>frois, Edouard,<br />

Wu, Zhibiao, and Liberman, Mark.<br />

1998. Transcriber: a free tool for<br />

segmenting, labeling and transcribing<br />

speech. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the First<br />

International Conference on Language<br />

Resources and Evaluation (LREC),<br />

1373–6. May 1998. (Available at<br />

www.etca.fr/CTA/gip/publis.html.)<br />

Beckman, Mary E., and Ayers, Gayle Elam.<br />

1997. Guidelines for ToBI Labelling,<br />

Version 3. Columbus, OH: Ohio State<br />

University Research Foundation.<br />

Bell, Alexander Melville. 1867. Visible<br />

Speech: <strong>The</strong> Science <strong>of</strong> Universal<br />

Alphabetics, or Self-interpreting<br />

Physiological Letters, for the Writing<br />

<strong>of</strong> All Languages in one Alphabet.<br />

London: Simpkin, Marshall.<br />

Bloom, Lois. 1973. One Word at a Time: <strong>The</strong><br />

Use <strong>of</strong> Single Word Utterances Before<br />

Syntax. <strong>The</strong> Hague, Mouton.<br />

Bloom, Lois. 1993. Transcription and<br />

coding for child language research:<br />

the parts are more than the whole.<br />

In Talking Data: Transcription and<br />

Coding in <strong>Discourse</strong> Research, eds Jane<br />

A. Edwards and Martin D. Lampert.<br />

149–66. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence<br />

Erlbaum.<br />

Bolinger, Dwight. 1986. Intonation and<br />

its Parts: Melody in Spoken English.<br />

Stanford: Stanford University Press.<br />

Bourlard, Herve, and Morgan, Nelson.<br />

1994. Connectionist Speech Recognition:<br />

A Hybrid Approach. Boston: Kluwer<br />

Academic.<br />

Brown, Gillian, Currie, Karen L., and<br />

Kenworthy, Joanne. 1980. Questions<br />

<strong>of</strong> Intonation. London: Croom Helm.<br />

Burnard, Lou. 1995. <strong>The</strong> Text Encoding<br />

Initiative: an overview. In Spoken<br />

English on Computer: Transcript,<br />

Mark-up and Application, eds Ge<strong>of</strong>frey<br />

Leech, Greg Myers, and Jenny<br />

Thomas. 69–81. New York: Longman.<br />

Butler, Christopher. 1985. Systemic<br />

Linguistics: <strong>The</strong>ory and Applications.<br />

London: Batsford Academic and<br />

Educational.<br />

Chafe, Wallace L. 1987. Cognitive<br />

constraints on information flow. In<br />

Coherence and Grounding in <strong>Discourse</strong>,<br />

ed. Russell S. Tomlin. 21–51.<br />

Philadelphia: John Benjamins.<br />

Chafe, Wallace L. 1993. Prosodic and<br />

functional units <strong>of</strong> language. In<br />

Talking Data: Transcription and<br />

Coding in <strong>Discourse</strong> Research, eds<br />

Jane A. Edwards and Martin<br />

D. Lampert. 33–43. Hillsdale,<br />

NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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