The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
The Handbook of Discourse Analysis The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
228 John J. Gumperz C. Goodwin, eds, Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 229–52. Gumperz, J. J. 1996. The linguistic relativity of conversational inference. In J. Gumperz and S. C. Levinson, eds, Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 359–406. Gumperz, J. J. 1998. Culture in the cultural defense. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Symposium about Language and Society, SALSA VI, 91–121. Gumperz, J. J. and Hymes, D., eds, 1964. The ethnography of speaking. Special issue, American Anthropologist. Gumperz, J. J. and Hymes, D., eds, 1972. Directions in Sociolinguistics. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. Gumperz, J. and Roberts, C. 1991. Understanding in intercultural encounters. In J. Blommaert and J. Verschueren, eds, The Pragmatics of Inter-Cultural Communication. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 51–90. Hanks, W. F. 1987. Discourse genres in a theory of practice. American Ethnologist, 4(14), 668–96. Hanks, W. F. 1996. Language and Communicative Practice. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. Hill, J. H. and Irvine, J. T. 1993. Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hymes, D. H. 1961. The ethnography of speaking. In T. Gladwin and W. C. Sturtevant, eds, Anthropology and Human Behavior. Washington, D.C.: Anthropological Society of Washington, D.C. (Reprinted in J. A. Fishman, ed., 1968. Readings in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 99–119.) Hymes, D. H. 1981. “In Vain I Tried to Tell You”: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Irvine, J. T. and Gal, S. 1999. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. Kroskrity, ed., Regimes of Language: Discursive Constructions of Authority, Identity and Power. Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research, pp. 35–84. Kallmeyer, W. 1994. Kommunikation in der Stadt: Exemplarische Analysen des Sprachverhaltens in Mannheim. Berlin: de Gruyter. Knoblauch, H. 1995. Kommunikationskultur: Die Kommunikative Konstruktion Kultureller Kontexte. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Lucy, J. A. 1993. Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sarangi, S. and Roberts, C., eds, 1999. Talk Work and the Institutional Order. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter. Sherzer, J. 1983. Kuna Ways of Speaking. Austin: University of Texas Press. Silverstein, M. 1992. The indeterminacy of contextualization: when is enough enough? In P. Auer and A. Di Luzio, eds, Contextualization of Language. Philadelphia and New York: John Benjamins, pp. 33–58. Silverstein, M. and Urban, G. eds, 1996. Natural Histories of Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Tannen, D. 1984. Conversational Style. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. Tannen, D. 1989. Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue and Imagery in Conversational Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Young, L. W. L. 1994. Crosstalk and Culture in Sino-American Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Discourse as an Interactional Achievement III 229 12 Discourse as an Interactional Achievement III: The Omnirelevance of Action EMANUEL A. SCHEGLOFF 0 Introduction There are two themes on which I would like to focus attention, whose full incorporation into the analysis of discourse is, in my view, critical for its optimum further development. What needs to be incorporated is an orientation (1) to action and (2) to interaction. It will turn out that orientation to each of these themes confronts the student of discourse with a sort of challenge whose depth and consequentiality has not yet been fully registered or explored, but is likely to be substantial. What becomes inescapable in facing up to action and interaction is the challenge of contingency. What exactly I mean by “contingency” will only come into view over the course of the discussion of empirical materials; as it cannot be usefully elaborated here, I will return to the import of contingency at the end. But before launching into this agenda, I need to make clear several premises of what I have to say – both as context for my central points and to make explicit my understanding of discourse’s place in the world. 1 Points of Departure The first point is that I take real-world, naturally occurring ordinary discourse as the basic target; it is as a student of that that I offer what follows. There may well be grounds for those with other interests to opt for a different point of reference or a different target of inquiry; but for me these involve departures from the natural and cultural bedrock. Second, I take it that, in many respects, the fundamental or primordial scene of social life is that of direct interaction between members of a social species, typically ones who are physically copresent. For humans, talking in interaction appears to be a distinctive form of this primary constituent of social life, and ordinary conversation is
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228 John J. Gumperz<br />
C. Goodwin, eds, Rethinking Context:<br />
Language as an Interactive Phenomenon.<br />
Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />
Press, pp. 229–52.<br />
Gumperz, J. J. 1996. <strong>The</strong> linguistic<br />
relativity <strong>of</strong> conversational inference.<br />
In J. Gumperz and S. C. Levinson,<br />
eds, Rethinking Linguistic Relativity.<br />
Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />
Press, pp. 359–406.<br />
Gumperz, J. J. 1998. Culture in the<br />
cultural defense. In Proceedings<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Sixth Annual Symposium about<br />
Language and Society, SALSA VI,<br />
91–121.<br />
Gumperz, J. J. and Hymes, D., eds, 1964.<br />
<strong>The</strong> ethnography <strong>of</strong> speaking. Special<br />
issue, American Anthropologist.<br />
Gumperz, J. J. and Hymes, D., eds, 1972.<br />
Directions in Sociolinguistics. New<br />
York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.<br />
Gumperz, J. and Roberts, C. 1991.<br />
Understanding in intercultural<br />
encounters. In J. Blommaert and<br />
J. Verschueren, eds, <strong>The</strong> Pragmatics<br />
<strong>of</strong> Inter-Cultural Communication.<br />
Amsterdam: John Benjamins,<br />
pp. 51–90.<br />
Hanks, W. F. 1987. <strong>Discourse</strong> genres<br />
in a theory <strong>of</strong> practice. American<br />
Ethnologist, 4(14), 668–96.<br />
Hanks, W. F. 1996. Language and<br />
Communicative Practice. Boulder,<br />
Colo.: Westview Press.<br />
Hill, J. H. and Irvine, J. T. 1993.<br />
Responsibility and Evidence in Oral<br />
<strong>Discourse</strong>. Cambridge: Cambridge<br />
University Press.<br />
Hymes, D. H. 1961. <strong>The</strong> ethnography<br />
<strong>of</strong> speaking. In T. Gladwin and<br />
W. C. Sturtevant, eds, Anthropology<br />
and Human Behavior. Washington,<br />
D.C.: Anthropological Society <strong>of</strong><br />
Washington, D.C. (Reprinted in<br />
J. A. Fishman, ed., 1968. Readings<br />
in the Sociology <strong>of</strong> Language. <strong>The</strong><br />
Hague: Mouton, pp. 99–119.)<br />
Hymes, D. H. 1981. “In Vain I Tried to<br />
Tell You”: Essays in Native American<br />
Ethnopoetics. Philadelphia: University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania Press.<br />
Irvine, J. T. and Gal, S. 1999. Language<br />
ideology and linguistic differentiation.<br />
In P. Kroskrity, ed., Regimes <strong>of</strong><br />
Language: Discursive Constructions <strong>of</strong><br />
Authority, Identity and Power. Santa Fe,<br />
N.M.: School <strong>of</strong> American Research,<br />
pp. 35–84.<br />
Kallmeyer, W. 1994. Kommunikation in der<br />
Stadt: Exemplarische Analysen des<br />
Sprachverhaltens in Mannheim. Berlin:<br />
de Gruyter.<br />
Knoblauch, H. 1995. Kommunikationskultur:<br />
Die Kommunikative Konstruktion<br />
Kultureller Kontexte. Berlin and<br />
New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<br />
Lucy, J. A. 1993. Reflexive Language:<br />
Reported Speech and Metapragmatics.<br />
Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />
Press.<br />
Sarangi, S. and Roberts, C., eds, 1999.<br />
Talk Work and the Institutional Order.<br />
Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.<br />
Sherzer, J. 1983. Kuna Ways <strong>of</strong> Speaking.<br />
Austin: University <strong>of</strong> Texas Press.<br />
Silverstein, M. 1992. <strong>The</strong> indeterminacy<br />
<strong>of</strong> contextualization: when is enough<br />
enough? In P. Auer and A. Di Luzio,<br />
eds, Contextualization <strong>of</strong> Language.<br />
Philadelphia and New York: John<br />
Benjamins, pp. 33–58.<br />
Silverstein, M. and Urban, G. eds, 1996.<br />
Natural Histories <strong>of</strong> <strong>Discourse</strong>. Chicago:<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Chicago Press.<br />
Tannen, D. 1984. Conversational Style.<br />
Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.<br />
Tannen, D. 1989. Talking Voices: Repetition,<br />
Dialogue and Imagery in Conversational<br />
<strong>Discourse</strong>. Cambridge: Cambridge<br />
University Press.<br />
Young, L. W. L. 1994. Crosstalk and Culture<br />
in Sino-American Communication.<br />
Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />
Press.