The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
The Handbook of Discourse Analysis The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
188 Douglas Biber and Susan Conrad Table 9.4 Overview of the major oral/literate dimensions in English, Korean, and Somali Linguistic features English: Dimension 1: 1st and 2nd person pronouns; questions; reductions; stance verbs; hedges; emphatics; adverbial subordination Nouns; adjectives; prepositional phrases; long words Dimension 3: Time and place adverbials wh-relative clauses; pied-piping constructions; phrasal coordination Dimension 5: [No features] Agentless passives; by passives; passive dependent clauses Korean: Dimension 1: Questions; contractions; fragmentary sentences; discourse conjuncts; clause connectors; hedges Postposition–noun ratio; relative clauses; attributive adjectives; long sentences; nonfinite and noun complement clauses Dimension 2: Explanative conjuncts; explanative, conditional, coordinate, and discourse clause connectors; Characteristic registers Conversations (Personal letters) (Public conversations) Informational exposition, e.g. official documents, academic prose Broadcasts (Conversations) (Fiction) (Personal letters) Official documents Professional letters Exposition Conversations, fiction Personal letters Public speeches Public conversations Broadcasts Technical prose (Other academic prose) (Official documents) Private conversations TV drama (Public conversations) (Folktales) Literary criticism College textbooks Scripted speeches Written exposition (Broadcast news and TV documentary) Folktales (Conversations) (Speeches) (Public conversations) Functional associations Interactive (Inter) personal focus Involved Personal stance On-line production Monologue Careful production Informational focus Faceless Situation-dependent reference On-line production Situation-independent reference Careful production Nonabstract Abstract style Technical, informational focus Interactive On-line production Interpersonal focus Monologue Informational focus Careful production Overt logical cohesion
Register Variation: A Corpus Approach 189 Table 9.4 (cont’d) Linguistic features adverbial subordination Nouns; possessive markers; passive constructions Dimension 3: Verb and NP complements; emphatics; hedges; attitudinal expressions; private verbs; 1st person pronouns Nouns Somali: Dimension 1: Main clause features; questions; imperatives; contractions; stance adjectives; downtoners; 1st and 2nd person pronouns Dependent clauses; relative clauses; clefts; verb complements; nouns; adjectives Dimension 2: [No features] Once-occurring words; high type–token ratio; nominalizations; compound verbs Dimension 5: Optative clauses; 1st and 2nd person pronouns; directional particles; imperatives [No features] Characteristic registers Written expository registers Broadcast news TV drama (Private and public conversations) (Personal letters) (Personal essays) Newspaper reportage Official documents (Broadcast news) Conversations Family meetings Conversational narratives Written expository registers Sports broadcast (Other spoken registers) Editorials Written political speeches and pamphlets Analytical press Personal letters (Family meetings) (Quranic exposition) Press reportage and editorials Written expository registers Functional associations Implicit logical cohesion Informational focus Personal stance Nonpersonal focus Interactive (Inter) personal focus Involved Personal stance On-line production Monologue Informational focus Faceless Careful production On-line production Situation-dependent Careful production Informational focus Interactive Distanced and directive communication Noninteractive Nondirective
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Register Variation: A Corpus Approach 189<br />
Table 9.4<br />
(cont’d)<br />
Linguistic features<br />
adverbial subordination<br />
Nouns; possessive<br />
markers; passive<br />
constructions<br />
Dimension 3:<br />
Verb and NP complements;<br />
emphatics; hedges;<br />
attitudinal expressions;<br />
private verbs; 1st person<br />
pronouns<br />
Nouns<br />
Somali:<br />
Dimension 1:<br />
Main clause features;<br />
questions; imperatives;<br />
contractions; stance<br />
adjectives; downtoners;<br />
1st and 2nd person<br />
pronouns<br />
Dependent clauses;<br />
relative clauses; clefts;<br />
verb complements;<br />
nouns; adjectives<br />
Dimension 2:<br />
[No features]<br />
Once-occurring words;<br />
high type–token ratio;<br />
nominalizations;<br />
compound verbs<br />
Dimension 5:<br />
Optative clauses; 1st and<br />
2nd person pronouns;<br />
directional particles;<br />
imperatives<br />
[No features]<br />
Characteristic registers<br />
Written expository registers<br />
Broadcast news<br />
TV drama<br />
(Private and public<br />
conversations)<br />
(Personal letters)<br />
(Personal essays)<br />
Newspaper reportage<br />
Official documents<br />
(Broadcast news)<br />
Conversations<br />
Family meetings<br />
Conversational narratives<br />
Written expository registers<br />
Sports broadcast<br />
(Other spoken registers)<br />
Editorials<br />
Written political<br />
speeches and pamphlets<br />
Analytical press<br />
Personal letters<br />
(Family meetings)<br />
(Quranic exposition)<br />
Press reportage and<br />
editorials<br />
Written expository<br />
registers<br />
Functional associations<br />
Implicit logical cohesion<br />
Informational focus<br />
Personal stance<br />
Nonpersonal focus<br />
Interactive<br />
(Inter) personal focus<br />
Involved<br />
Personal stance<br />
On-line production<br />
Monologue<br />
Informational focus<br />
Faceless<br />
Careful production<br />
On-line production<br />
Situation-dependent<br />
Careful production<br />
Informational focus<br />
Interactive<br />
Distanced and directive<br />
communication<br />
Noninteractive<br />
Nondirective
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