grammar 2

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22.1 Verb Tenses (The Six Tenses of Verbs, The Four
Principal Parts of Verbs) • Practice 1
The Six Tenses of Verbs A tense is a form of a verb that shows the time of action or state of being.
Each tense has a basic and a progressive form. The progressive form of a verb ends in ing.
Tenses Basic Forms Progressive Forms
Present He obeys. He is obeying.
Past He obeyed. He was obeying.
Future He will obey. He will be obeying.
Present Perfect He has obeyed. He has been obeying.
Past Perfect He had obeyed. He had been obeying.
Future Perfect He will have obeyed. He will have been obeying.
The Four Principal Parts of Verbs A verb has four principal parts: the present, thepresent
participle, thepast, andthepast participle.
THE FOUR PRINICPAL PARTS
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
arrive arriving arrived (have) arrived
begin beginning began (have) begun
buy buying bought (have) bought
Exercise 1 RecognizingTensesandFormsofVerbs. Underline the verb or verb phrase in
each sentence below. Then write the tense on each line to the right. If the form is progressive, write the
word progressive after the tense.
EXAMPLE: We have been hearing rumors about Jake.
1. I followed the recipe carefully.
2. The state police were pulling over many drivers.
3. I have tried several times to lose weight.
4. Tomorrow Grandma will have been visiting here a month.
5. That shop carries beautiful fabrics.
6. Soon that group will release a new video.
7. Dad and I will be waiting for you at the station.
8. Columbus had planned to reach the Orient.
9. Detectives had been investigating for months.
10. The workers will have finished by now.
present perfect progressive
Exercise 2 Identifying Principal Parts. On the lines below, write the principal part used to
form the verb in each sentence above. Then write the name of that principal part.
EXAMPLE: hearing present participle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Verb Tenses (The Six Tenses of Verbs, The Four Principal Parts of Verbs) • 107

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22.1 Verb Tenses (Regular and Irregular Verbs)
• Practice 1
Regular and Irregular Verbs
the present form.
A regular verb forms the past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF REGULAR VERBS
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
cry crying cried (have) cried
drop dropping dropped (have) dropped
deprive depriving deprived (have) deprived
grant granting granted (have) granted
An irregular verb forms the past and past participle by changing spelling of the present form, not by adding
-ed or -d to the present form.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IRREGULAR VERBS
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
hurt hurting hurt (have) hurt
shut shutting shut (have) shut
find finding found (have) found
teach teaching taught (have) taught
fly flying flew (have) flown
sing singing sang (have) sung
write writing wrote (have) written
Exercise 1 Writing the Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs. Add the missing principal parts.
EXAMPLE: rise rising rose (have) risen
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
1. beginning
2. drew
3. freeze
4. (have) run
5. put
6. thinking
7. (have) fallen
8. catch
9. bound
10. speaking
Exercise 2 Recognizing Principal Parts of Verbs. Fill in each blank with the correct verb form
from those given in parentheses.
EXAMPLE: The final bell hasn’t rung yet. (rang, rung)
1. Our water pipes during the January freeze. (burst, busted)
2. We the blanket on the sand. (spread, spreaded)
3. Paula her foil at her opponent’s vest. (thrust, thrusted)
4. Brenda has in competitions for years. (dived, dove)
5. Someone has into the computer file. (broke, broken)
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Verb Tenses (Regular and Irregular Verbs) • 109

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22.1 Verb Tenses (Conjugating the Tenses) • Practice 1
Conjugating the Tenses A conjugation is a complete list of the singular and plural forms of a verb. A
short conjugation lists just the forms that are used with a single pronoun. As you study the following short
conjugations, note that the verbs used with you are also used with we and they. The verbs used with she,
likewise, are also used with he and it.
SHORT CONJUGATIONS
Basic, Progressive, and
Emphatic Forms go (with I ) go (with you ) go (with she )
Present I go You go She goes
Past I went You went She went
Future I will go You will go She will go
Present Perfect I have gone You have gone She has gone
Past Perfect I had gone You had gone She had gone
Future Perfect I will have gone You will have gone She will have gone
Present Progressive I am going You are going She is going
Past Progressive I was going You were going She was going
Future Progressive I will be going You will be going She will be going
Present Perfect Progressive I have been going You have been going She has been going
Past Perfect Progressive I had been going You had been going She had been going
Future Perfect Progressive I will have been You will have been She will have been
going going going
Present Emphatic I do go You do go She does go
Past Emphatic I did go You did go She did go
Exercise 1 Conjugating Verbs. Complete each of the following short conjugations, giving all six
basic forms and the first three progressive forms.
1. try (with I ) 2. find (with he) 3. speak (with we) 4. run (with they)
Exercise 2 Supplying the Correct Verb Form. Fill in each blank with the form of each verb
given in parentheses.
EXAMPLE: I will be studying French next year. (study, future progressive)
1. We our theory in the lab. (test, future perfect)
2. The lake during the first week in January. (freeze, past)
3. Dad the mantel clock already. (wind, present perfect)
4. Uncle Ed dinner on Friday. (prepare, past emphatic)
5. The candidate lower taxes. (promise, past perfect)
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Verb Tenses (Conjugating the Tenses) • 111

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22.1 Expressing Time Through Tense (Uses of
Tense in Future Time) • Practice 1
Uses of Tense in Future Time
conditions.
The four forms that express future time show future actions or
USES OF TENSES IN FUTURE TIME
Verb Forms Uses Examples
Future Future event Grandma will visit us next week.
Future Perfect Future event before We will have finished our chores before
another
lunch.
Future Progressive Continuing future event The scouts will be selling cookies all of
next month.
Future Perfect Continuing future event By opening night, the actors will have
Progressive before another been rehearsing for six weeks.
Exercise 1 Identifying the Uses of Tenses in Future Time. Identify the use of the verb in each
sentence, using the labels in the chart above.
EXAMPLE: The weather tomorrow will be perfect. future event
1. The circus will be coming to town next week.
2. The roofers will have delivered the shingles by noon.
3. Thestoreswillbestartingtheirwhitesalesnextweek.
4. The whole family will go out for dinner.
5. Soon we will have been waiting here for an hour.
6. A new catalog will be arriving shortly.
7. Jason will have completed his research by then.
8. Next year, Ali will have been performing for a decade.
9. Jodi will be visiting several colleges next weekend.
10. By dinnertime, the gelatin will have set.
Exercise 2 Using Tenses in Future Time. Fill in each blank with the indicated form of the verb
in parentheses.
EXAMPLE: The President will address Congress tonight. (address, future)
1. A local restaurant the party. (cater, future progressive)
2. A real disc jockey records. (play, future progressive)
3. By midnight, they on the flagpole for seventeen hours. (sit, future perfect
progressive)
4. The shipment you ordered soon. (arrive, future progressive)
5. Surely you Tanya to the party. (invite, future)
6. Before the play, we the town with posters. (paper, future perfect)
7. This term, I six credits. (take, future progressive)
8. By the time we get there, all the singers . (perform, future perfect)
9. Theteam itsfirstgameonSaturday.(play,future progressive)
10. Mom your call when she gets back. (return, future)
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Expressing Time Through Tense (Uses of Tense in Future Time) • 117

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24.2 Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement
(Between Personal Pronouns and Antecedents) • Practice 1
Agreement Between Personal Pronouns and Antecedents A personal pronoun must agree with
its antecedent in person, number, and gender. Use a singular personal pronoun with two or more singular
antecedents joined by or or nor. Use a plural personal pronoun with two or more antecedents joined by
and. When dealing with pronoun-antecedent agreement, do not shift either person or gender. When gender
is not specified, use the masculine or rewrite the sentence.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
Date
My father has a CB radio in his truck.
This air mattress has a leak in it.
Francine got an A on her essay.
Beth or Ellen will have the party at her house.
Tim, Aaron, and Steve rode their bikes to the fair.
Each candidate stated his position clearly.
Both candidates expressed their positions clearly.
Exercise 1 Choosing Personal Pronouns to Agree with Antecedents. Assume that each item
below is an antecedent for a personal pronoun. After each, write his, her, its, ortheir to show which
pronoun you would use to refer to it.
EXAMPLE: David or Goliath
1. several parents
2. the new bike
3. either Jack or Bill
4. Pam, Ali, or Elise
5. only one woman
his
6. Erik and Marc
7. each actor
8. most experiments
9. the new report
10. the ballerina
Exercise 2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement in Sentences. Write an appropriate personal
pronoun to complete each sentence.
EXAMPLE: Pete and I enjoyed our trip to Washington, D.C.
1. Although Ben had studied hard, was still nervous about the test.
2. The pool is beautiful, but no one uses .
3. Neither Dora nor Carol uses calculator very often.
4. The candidate and her staff revised travel plans.
5. Uncle Al takes dog everywhere.
6. Pete hopes that will get the part.
7. All students must show proof that have been immunized.
8. Liz, may I borrow history notes?
9. Mary has been practicing all week for recital.
10. Maybe Chuck or Don will lend you bike.
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement (Between Personal Pronouns and Antecedents) • 139

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24.2 Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement (Four
Special Problems in Pronoun Agreement) • Practice 1
Four Special Problems in Pronoun Agreement A personal pronoun should always have a clear,
single, close, and logical antecedent, either stated or understood.
Problems
They are predicting rain for tonight.
DadtoldUncleAlthathe had a flat tire.
Mom told Vera what she needed.
In Paris you can see the Eiffel Tower.
Corrections
The forecasters are predicting rain for tonight.
Dad told Uncle Al that Dad had a flat tire.
Dad told Uncle Al that Uncle Al had a flat tire.
Mom told Vera what Mom needed
Mom told Vera what Vera needed.
Visitors to Paris can see the Eiffel Tower.
Exercise 1 Solving Special Problems in Pronoun Agreement. Underline the word or words in
parentheses that more clearly complete each sentence.
EXAMPLE: (They, The sportscasters) say the Cats don’t stand a chance.
1. The rules specify that (you, entrants) must be 16 years of age.
2. Dad called Mr. Sims back as soon as (he, Dad) got home.
3. Please get the hamburgers and the napkins and put (them, the hamburgers) into the cooler.
4. The guards object if (you, visitors) touch the exhibits.
5. The scouts and their leaders decided that (they, the scouts) would sell candy bars.
6. On all flights (you, passengers) get first-class service.
7. The patient was relieved when (they, the doctors) told her the news.
8. Mr. Kelly told Bruce what (his, Bruce’s) new job would involve.
9. Regular exercise is important t o(your, everyone’s) good health.
10. When will (they, the networks) begin the new season?
Exercise 2 Correcting Special Problems in Pronoun Agreement. Rewrite each sentence
below to correct any problems in pronoun agreement.
EXAMPLE: Tom told Ed that he should have known better.
Tom told Ed that Ed should have known better.
1. What did they say when you called the hospital?
2. That platter of food looks pretty with the parsley on it.
3. In that ballet school, they expect you to practice four hours a day.
4. Debbie assured Maureen that her report would be excellent.
5. Why do they tell you to keep your seatbelts loosely fastened?
© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement (Four Special Problems in Pronoun Agreement) • 143