Citation of Sources, Using MLA Style - Odyssey Academy
Citation of Sources, Using MLA Style - Odyssey Academy
Citation of Sources, Using MLA Style - Odyssey Academy
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Introduction<br />
<strong>Citation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Sources</strong> <strong>Using</strong> <strong>MLA</strong> <strong>Style</strong><br />
Writing papers for school or business <strong>of</strong>ten requires that you look for authoritative information that<br />
supports your topic or thesis statement. These sources give you valuable facts, statistics, and principles so<br />
that you can present your proposition or viewpoint with credibility. Credibility is the quality <strong>of</strong> something<br />
being believable or trustworthy. Without this information, a paper <strong>of</strong>ten lacks credibility, unless you, the<br />
writer, are an authority on the subject.<br />
Information for essays and research papers may be found in many published forms: an encyclopedia, a<br />
book, a magazine, a play, an essay, a pamphlet, or a poem, to name a few. Information can also come from<br />
other sources, such as radio or TV programs, sermons, films, letters, personal interviews, or the Internet.<br />
Whenever you quote, summarize, paraphrase, or refer to the work <strong>of</strong> another person (or people), you are<br />
required to cite the source.<br />
The word “cite” means to give credit to an authority or example. Citing a source is not needed when the<br />
information given is considered general knowledge.<br />
Why is citing a source important?<br />
When writing anything that is not general knowledge or from your own experiences, using other sources is<br />
required. By giving credit to words or ideas <strong>of</strong> the original authors, your information increases in<br />
credibility. Experts in any field who support your thesis, whether it is racecar driving, farming, team<br />
coaching, or pastry baking, strengthen your paper's main idea.<br />
For example, if your paper is attempting to convince someone that crime is lower in neighborhoods that<br />
have more churches, or that Billy Graham could be the greatest preacher <strong>of</strong> our times, or that the best sport<br />
for overall physical benefits is swimming, you must include information from sources that support your<br />
main idea. Unless you are an authority (and most students are not), you cannot use yourself as a source.<br />
Stating that your grandpa or your neighbor said this was a fact is not going to be very convincing.<br />
Without trustworthy support, your paper will likely be viewed as inadequate or incomplete. If you are<br />
writing this paper for a teacher, it will earn a poor grade in the class. If you are writing this paper for<br />
another audience, such as your employer, a newspaper editor, a church group, a scholarship committee, or a<br />
grants foundation, you will not convince the readers <strong>of</strong> the legitimacy <strong>of</strong> your point. You will not persuade<br />
anyone to believe your main idea.<br />
More importantly, giving credit to the original authors shows that you, the writer, know that these ideas and<br />
words are not your own. Citing each source is the path <strong>of</strong> honor. You have not attempted to copy or<br />
retype the information from another source and pretend that you yourself were its original author.<br />
When you copy someone else’s work, words, or ideas, and pass these <strong>of</strong>f as your own, you have committed<br />
plagiarism. Essentially, this is stealing. Plagiarism is wrong. When you plagiarize, the integrity <strong>of</strong> your<br />
work has been corrupted. Often, there are grim consequences for plagiarizing.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> your paper must contain your own original writing for the presentation or analysis <strong>of</strong> the topic,<br />
thesis, or idea <strong>of</strong> your paper.<br />
Quoting material should be used when applicable and kept to a minimum. <strong>Citation</strong> must always accompany<br />
quoted data. If the author <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> your sources used a creative or poetic sentence, for instance, you cannot<br />
copy that sentence and use it unless you enclose it in quotation marks and cite your source. This is <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
1
difficult for students to understand. Revising a few words <strong>of</strong> an author's text without giving credit to the<br />
source is still plagiarism.<br />
Information itself cannot be plagiarized;<br />
it is the way the information is communicated that CAN be plagiarized.<br />
When taking notes, jot down only key words or paraphrases on your note cards. When some students are<br />
researching, they will write down some <strong>of</strong> the data word for word. Later, when they begin to write the<br />
paper, they can't remember which <strong>of</strong> their notes were written in their own original words and which were<br />
copied from the source. Accidental plagiarism can result.<br />
When in doubt, research notes should be rewritten so that they truly represent your own work. If quoted<br />
material is to be used in the paper, bracket it with quotation marks on the notecards.<br />
How are sources cited in a paper?<br />
There are several ways that sources can be cited. Citing a source can be accomplished either by using<br />
parenthetical citations, or endnotes, or footnotes. There may be instances that using a combination <strong>of</strong> these<br />
is required or desired. A bibliography, called a works cited page when using the <strong>MLA</strong> style, must also be<br />
included at the end <strong>of</strong> the project, no matter what citation method was used. These must be written in a<br />
specific way, or format, which will be explained later.<br />
Students should use the Modern Language Association’s (<strong>MLA</strong>) parenthetical citation style in all<br />
projects, unless directed to use a different citation style. When providing the sources in the works cited<br />
page, the <strong>MLA</strong> style for these should also be used.<br />
Parenthetical <strong>Citation</strong><br />
Parenthetical citation is an “in-text” style <strong>of</strong> documentation. It is set <strong>of</strong>f within the actual text <strong>of</strong> an essay or<br />
other written project using parentheses. The word “citation” is the quoting <strong>of</strong> an authoritative source. So, it<br />
is the quoting <strong>of</strong> an authoritative source which uses parentheses.<br />
In most cases, a parenthetical citation includes just the author's last name and the specific page number<br />
for the information cited. These are enclosed by a pair <strong>of</strong> parentheses and no comma separates the two.<br />
When citing the page number, prefaced abbreviations <strong>of</strong> “p.” or “pp.” are not used.<br />
Examples:<br />
(Stover 178)<br />
(Hemingway 22)<br />
A citation shows from where information came when it is not common knowledge. The parenthetical<br />
citation follows as close to the information given as is possible without interfering with the flow <strong>of</strong> the text.<br />
It usually appears at the end <strong>of</strong> a sentence.<br />
Parenthetical <strong>Citation</strong> Example:<br />
Animals have been used to illustrate ideas or serve as metaphors throughout centuries <strong>of</strong> literature.<br />
Goats and sheep are mentioned <strong>of</strong>ten in the Bible. Seventy percent <strong>of</strong> its references to goats are as<br />
sacrificial animals. Jesus used many metaphors when he spoke. For instance, he said that when<br />
final judgment comes to pass, people will be divided into the sheep and the goats. Sheep<br />
symbolized the favored people and goats symbolized the condemned people (Howard 123).<br />
2
The information used in the paragraph above was found in the book Fascinating Bible Facts. The text that<br />
is within the parentheses in the last sentence is the parenthetical citation. It gives credit to the material used<br />
in this paragraph.<br />
Only the author and the page number on which the information is located is used in a citation. This citation<br />
shows that the author is David M. Howard, Jr., PhD, and the information used was found on page 123 <strong>of</strong><br />
the book.<br />
Example: (Howard 123)<br />
Notice that the parenthetical citation does not give any mention <strong>of</strong> the author’s first name or his degree or<br />
even the title <strong>of</strong> the book.<br />
• Parenthetical citations are very short. The complete information about this source, including the title <strong>of</strong><br />
the book, will be included with all other sources on the works cited page. You DO NOT need a<br />
parenthetical citation for each sentence in your paper. <strong>Citation</strong>s are meant to be as non-intrusive as is<br />
possible.<br />
• A page number is not used when citing electronic sources (i.e., Internet articles, CD-ROM reference<br />
materials, and video recordings), interviews, or any other source that does not have page numbers.<br />
• If the author’s name is used in the sentence <strong>of</strong> the paper, it does not need to be included in the<br />
parenthetical citation. Only the page number <strong>of</strong> the source is needed within the parentheses.<br />
Example:<br />
Dr. David Howard, an associate pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Old Testament and Semitic Languages at Trinity<br />
Evangelical Divinity School, pointed out in his book that Jesus said that people would be divided<br />
into two groups when final judgment arrives: the favored sheep and the condemned goats (123).<br />
Remember that the purpose <strong>of</strong> parenthetical citations is to direct readers to the full bibliographic citations<br />
listed in your works cited page, located at the end <strong>of</strong> the document; so, all parenthetical citations should be<br />
“short and sweet.”<br />
Quoting Format and Parenthetical <strong>Citation</strong><br />
Citing all the sources you used for a paper is very important. However, do not think that you can copy huge<br />
amounts <strong>of</strong> text for your paper, even if you do cite all your sources. Only small portions, when appropriate,<br />
can be used word for word in a paper. When you do this, you must put those words within quotation<br />
marks for short passages. This shows that these are the exact words from a source.<br />
For lengthier quotations (those that are four or more lines long), quotation marks are not used. Instead, after<br />
starting a new line, the quoted material must be indented an additional inch from the left margin and<br />
quotation marks not be used. Usually, a colon will introduce the quoted material. When the quoted material<br />
is completed, a parenthetical citation follows it, inside the end punctuation.<br />
Example <strong>of</strong> Research Paper with Lengthy Quotation:<br />
Many teenagers don't like to read books from the past. They believe that compelling suspense and<br />
adventure can only be captured on a movie screen with expensive computer-generated effects.<br />
However, the intense power <strong>of</strong> carefully chosen words in novels can quicken the reader's pulse<br />
just as effectively as a multi-million-dollar blockbuster film. Jules Verne was a master when<br />
creating suspenseful prose throughout his novel, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. Here is<br />
a sample from that novel:<br />
3
Captain Nemo never took his eyes <strong>of</strong>f the manometer. Since the fall <strong>of</strong> the iceberg, the<br />
Nautilus had risen about a hundred and fifty feet, but it still remained at the same angle to<br />
the perpendicular. Suddenly a slight movement was felt in the hold. Evidently it was<br />
righting a little. Things hanging in the saloon were sensibly returning to their normal<br />
position. The partitions were nearing upright. No one spoke. With beating hearts we<br />
watched and felt the straightening. The boards became horizontal under our feet. Ten<br />
minutes passed (358).<br />
Parenthetical <strong>Citation</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Bible<br />
When citing the Bible, it must be made clear which Bible is being used; each version varies in its<br />
translation. For the title, italicize or underline the Bible version, then cite the book, chapter, and verse. No<br />
comma separating the Bible's title/version from the passage's location is necessary.<br />
Examples:<br />
(The New King James Version Deuteronomy 6:5)<br />
(New International Version Joshua 1:9)<br />
After the first appearance <strong>of</strong> a Bible parenthetical citation, all future references to the Bible can then just<br />
cite the Bible’s book, chapter, and verse(s), since you’ve established which Bible edition you are using as a<br />
source in your paper. The exception to this would be if two or more Bible versions were used as sources in<br />
your paper.<br />
Examples:<br />
(Leviticus 19:18)<br />
(Psalm 100:1-3)<br />
Parenthetical <strong>Citation</strong> <strong>of</strong> Classic Plays and Poems<br />
For plays, when citing, encase the quoted line or lines in quotation marks. Do not use page numbers.<br />
Instead, for the parenthetical citation, use the quotation's or scene's division number, written in descending<br />
order (act, scene, canto, book, part, line) with periods separating all the numbers.<br />
Examples:<br />
“Now the hungry lion roars / And the wolf behowls the moon” (Midsummer 5.1.341-2). The<br />
numbers in the citation stand for act 5, scene 1, lines 341 through 342 <strong>of</strong> A Midsummer Night's<br />
Dream.<br />
In a mindless rage, Hamlet says to Ophelia, “Get thee to a nunnery” (Hamlet 3.1.119), which, in<br />
her fragile state, propels her to commit suicide. The numbers in the citation stand for act 3, scene<br />
1, line 119 <strong>of</strong> Hamlet.<br />
For the citation <strong>of</strong> lines from poems, as already shown with citing passages from plays, encase the quoted<br />
line or lines in quotation marks and omit the page number. Cite the poem's line number; if there are no line<br />
numbers for the poem, simply cite the title <strong>of</strong> the poem in quotation marks. You can cite up to three lines<br />
this way, with quotation marks, as long as you separate the lines with a slash mark with a space on each<br />
side.<br />
Examples:<br />
Shakespeare concludes with the line, “I never writ, nor no man ever loved” (14).<br />
4
Emily Dickinson explained that “God made a little gentian; / It tried to be a rose / And failed, and<br />
all the summer laughed” (“XLVIII” 1-3).<br />
Parenthetical <strong>Citation</strong> <strong>of</strong> Encyclopedias and Other Non-Bylined Print<br />
<strong>Sources</strong> (No Author Listed)<br />
If your source does not include an author's name, such as an encyclopedia or brochure, substitute for the<br />
author's name the title or an abbreviated title in the text or parenthetical citation. Underline or italicize the<br />
title if the source is a book or other major source; if the source is an article or other shorter work, use<br />
quotation marks.<br />
From this point, parenthetical citation for non-bylined sources is no different than for any other source.<br />
Immediately following the data used, you would enclose in parentheses the title <strong>of</strong> the article or brochure<br />
and the page number. A parenthetical citation for an encyclopedia article on wolves, for example, would<br />
look like this: (“Wolves” 332).<br />
Parenthetical <strong>Citation</strong> <strong>of</strong> Non-Bylined Electronic or Internet <strong>Sources</strong><br />
(No Author Listed)<br />
For an electronic or non-print source without a listed author or a page number, give enough information in<br />
a signal phrase or parentheses for the reader to locate this source in your works cited page. Since electronic<br />
and Internet sources do not have conventional page numbers, use any other method <strong>of</strong> organization that the<br />
source is using, such as section number, chapter, or paragraph number. If there is no division or section to<br />
where the material is located on the site, or there is no title to the resource, write Home page, using regular<br />
font (no italics, no quotation marks).<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> Parenthetical <strong>Citation</strong> <strong>of</strong> Electronic <strong>Sources</strong> with No Author Listed:<br />
One Internet advertising agency claims it can deliver “targeted, qualified customers directly to [a<br />
client’s] Web site,” asserting that Internet advertising can effectively promote a company’s<br />
products and services (Ad-Up sec. 1).<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> his growing disdain for reporters and his escalating alcohol abuse, some interviews<br />
granted by Ernest Hemingway in the last years <strong>of</strong> his life would lead one to believe that he never<br />
used symbolism in his writing. At least, this is what he claimed (Hemingway Home page).<br />
Works Cited Page<br />
<strong>Sources</strong> that were used in your paper must appear on the project’s works cited page. This is a separate page<br />
(or pages) that follows immediately after the research paper. It serves the purpose <strong>of</strong> a bibliography. It lists,<br />
in alphabetical order, all the sources used in the writing <strong>of</strong> the paper and all important information <strong>of</strong> each<br />
source.<br />
When writing any research paper, multiple sources are mandatory. It is generally supported that a<br />
minimum <strong>of</strong> 3-5 sources are needed for an average research report <strong>of</strong> 300-600 words. More sources are<br />
usually required for longer papers.<br />
The number and type <strong>of</strong> sources required is <strong>of</strong>ten left to the discretion <strong>of</strong> the instructor. Many instructors<br />
mandate that only one type resource be used and most must be from print media. Therefore, using five<br />
Internet sources for a research paper would not be acceptable. The credibility <strong>of</strong> the Internet is <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
suspect, as no accountability <strong>of</strong> an author is required for a site to be made available. Anyone with a<br />
computer can set up a Web site and facts posted there may not be accurate. The student could use one<br />
5
source from an Internet site, but then would also need to use books, encyclopedia, periodicals, etc. in the<br />
research process.<br />
There are several reasons for requiring several sources for a paper. First, if more than one source is used,<br />
the accidental act <strong>of</strong> plagiarism is minimized. Second, several authoritative sources give much more weight<br />
(credibility) to a paper and usually make it stronger in its scope. And third, all research in secondary school<br />
is preparatory for college and "the real world" <strong>of</strong> business. <strong>Using</strong> only one or two sources for a major<br />
research paper is simply “not enough”—it is inadequate to present enough data to support a thesis<br />
statement.<br />
Learning now how to locate and cite multiple sources correctly is one <strong>of</strong> the most important skills students<br />
can master. <strong>Using</strong> a public or university library to efficiently locate books, magazine articles, audio<br />
recordings, and other references is an important skill to start mastering now.<br />
Creating Hanging Indents<br />
Each entry for a source must use a hanging indent. A hanging indent has the first line <strong>of</strong> the entry extending<br />
out (hanging) to the left-hand margin, but the rest <strong>of</strong> the entry is indented.<br />
Author’s last name, first name. Title <strong>of</strong> book. Place (city, state if necessary) <strong>of</strong> publication:<br />
Publisher, year <strong>of</strong> publication.<br />
Hanging indents are easy to create on a word processor. These directions are for the Micros<strong>of</strong>t (MS) Word<br />
program. If you are not using MS Word, refer to your user manual for setting up hanging indents.<br />
Place your mouse arrow at the start <strong>of</strong> the entry that needs to have a hanging indent. Click Format (should<br />
be in your top tool bar), then Paragraph. An option called Special should be available. Click Special, and in<br />
the drop-down menu, Hanging should be one <strong>of</strong> your choices. Click Hanging, and your entry should now<br />
be formatted correctly. By highlighting all entries, you can perform this action for all entries<br />
simultaneously.<br />
To do it manually, try this. Normally, the left-hand margin marker at the top <strong>of</strong> the page consists <strong>of</strong> two<br />
small arrows. Drag the top arrow to the right to make a normal indent, the bottom one to create a hanging<br />
indent.<br />
In most word processing programs, you have to hold down the Shift key while dragging the bottom marker<br />
to leave the top part behind.<br />
Don’t substitute a carriage return and a tab or individual spaces to create hanging indents because when<br />
your work is transferred to a different computer the result may look quite different—and wrong.<br />
Reminder: For other word processing programs, consult your Help feature for hanging indent directions.<br />
Example <strong>of</strong> Book Entry:<br />
Howard, David M., Jr. Ph.D. Fascinating Bible Facts. Lincolnwood, IL: Publications<br />
International, Inc., 1997.<br />
Page numbers are not included in works cited pages or bibliographies. They are included only in the<br />
parenthetical citation.<br />
6
Still Need Help?<br />
Examples are provided in this help guide section to help you when you are preparing a works cited page<br />
using the Modern Language Association, or <strong>MLA</strong>, style. You can also refer to any reference book or Web<br />
site that covers <strong>MLA</strong> style.<br />
The best source <strong>of</strong> information on <strong>MLA</strong> style is the <strong>MLA</strong> Handbook for Writers <strong>of</strong> Research Papers. This<br />
handbook can be found in most public libraries; all bookstores sell the handbook. It is a valuable tool to add<br />
to your homeschool library, which should already have a dictionary, a thesaurus, and other printed<br />
reference materials. This book contains everything a writer needs to know about <strong>MLA</strong> format.<br />
REMINDER: The <strong>MLA</strong> style for citing sources must be used for papers written for all SOS courses, unless<br />
your teacher directs you to use another style or format. A works cited page must always be included to give<br />
credit to the sources that you used for information in your written project.<br />
Title Casing<br />
When citing a major, or large, work, such as a book, encyclopedia, magazine, newspaper, anthology, epic<br />
poem, film, TV or radio program, etc., either italicizing or underlining <strong>of</strong> the title is acceptable. When<br />
citing a minor, or smaller, work, such as a book chapter, magazine or newspaper article, typical poem,<br />
TV/radio episode or segment, film vignette, short story, etc., quotation marks are used to enclose the title.<br />
Correct title casing is always required when citing sources.<br />
For titles, all first and last words are capitalized, as are all other major parts <strong>of</strong> grammar (nouns, verbs,<br />
adjectives, and adverbs). Articles (the words the, a, and and), conjunctions, and prepositions are never<br />
capitalized unless they appear at the beginning or end <strong>of</strong> the title.<br />
Examples:<br />
Gone with the Wind<br />
The Two Gentlemen <strong>of</strong> Verona<br />
Around the World in Eighty Days<br />
“The Gift <strong>of</strong> the Magi”<br />
Seventh Heaven<br />
“Ode on a Grecian Urn”<br />
Use one space after all end punctuation, unless otherwise directed by your instructor. When citing the date<br />
<strong>of</strong> a source, it is usually listed in day, month, year order.<br />
Example: 25 Nov. 2004.<br />
All months are abbreviated with end punctuation, except for May, June, and July. These three are spelled<br />
out. Some publications may provide a season and year for the date. Example: Summer 2002. For books,<br />
films, and other major works, only the year must be used.<br />
When providing the place <strong>of</strong> publication, the city name is usually all that is required (i.e., Chicago, New<br />
York, London, San Francisco). If the city is not well-known or several cities have the same name, please<br />
provide the city name, then the two-letter postal abbreviation <strong>of</strong> the state. Separate them with a comma<br />
(i.e., Pico Rivera, CA; Rome, GA; Glendale, WI). This will make the publisher's location clear.<br />
The most commonly used entries are provided below. There are many more. If your type <strong>of</strong> source is not<br />
included in this guide list, you can reference one <strong>of</strong> the Web site links provided at the bottom <strong>of</strong> this page<br />
or refer to Joseph Gibaldi's <strong>MLA</strong> <strong>Style</strong> Manual or any other <strong>MLA</strong> style book.<br />
7
Book, Textbook, or Pamphlet by One Author:<br />
Author’s last name, first name. Title <strong>of</strong> book. Place (city) <strong>of</strong> publication: Publisher, year <strong>of</strong> publication.<br />
Examples:<br />
Sheldon, Charles M. In His Steps. Grand Rapids: Spires Books, 1984.<br />
Higgs, Liz Curtis. Really Bad Girls <strong>of</strong> the Bible: More Lessons from Less-Than-Perfect<br />
Women. Colorado Springs, Colorado: WaterBrook Press, 2000.<br />
Carey, Gary, ed. Cliffs Notes on Shakespeare's Tragedies. Lincoln, Nebraska: Cliffs Notes, Inc.,<br />
1999.<br />
Meyer, Joyce. How to Hear from God: Learn to Know His Voice and Make Right Decisions. New<br />
York: Warner Faith, 2003.<br />
Same Author, Multiple <strong>Sources</strong><br />
If your bibliography includes citing two or more works by the same author, use the author's name only for<br />
the FIRST entry. For subsequent entries, use three hyphens followed by a period. The three hyphens must<br />
stand for exactly the same name or names as in the preceding entry. (Your word processing program may<br />
replace the hyphens with an extra long dash. This is not a mistake.)<br />
Example:<br />
Lewis, C.S. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. London: Ge<strong>of</strong>frey Blessing, 1950.<br />
---. The Horse and His Boy. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1982.<br />
Book, Textbook, or Pamphlet with Two Authors:<br />
Primary author’s last name, first name, and first name, last name <strong>of</strong> second author listed. Title <strong>of</strong> book.<br />
Place (city) <strong>of</strong> publication: Publisher, year <strong>of</strong> publication.<br />
Examples:<br />
Boeck, Wilhelm, and Jaime Sabartes. Picasso. New York: Abrams, 1971.<br />
LaHaye, Tim, and Jerry B. Jenkins. Left Behind: A Novel <strong>of</strong> the Earth’s Last Days. Carol Stream,<br />
IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1995.<br />
NOTE: When there is more than one author for a given source, the primary author is listed as last name,<br />
first name (comma between). All other authors follow the primary author with first name last name (no<br />
comma between).<br />
Book, Textbook, or Pamphlet with Three Authors:<br />
Primary author’s last name, first name, and first name, last name <strong>of</strong> second author, then third author listed.<br />
Title <strong>of</strong> book. Place (city) <strong>of</strong> publication: Publisher, year <strong>of</strong> publication.<br />
Example:<br />
McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert NcNeil. The Story <strong>of</strong> English. New York: Viking,<br />
1986.<br />
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Book, Textbook, or Pamphlet with More than Three Authors:<br />
Primary author’s last name, first name, et al. Title <strong>of</strong> book. Place (city) <strong>of</strong> publication: Publisher, year <strong>of</strong><br />
publication.<br />
The term et al is Latin for "and others."<br />
Bible:<br />
Example:<br />
Young, Ralph A., et al. Personal Finance Companies and Their Credit Practices. New York:<br />
National Bureau <strong>of</strong> Economic Restoration, 1940.<br />
Do not list an author when citing a Bible source.<br />
Example:<br />
New International Version. John R. Kohlenberger, general editor. Nashville: Holman Bible<br />
Publishers, 1986.<br />
Switched-On Schoolhouse curriculum:<br />
To find the author <strong>of</strong> each unit in SOS, go to the Reference section provided at the end <strong>of</strong> the unit.<br />
Author’s last name, first name. “Lesson Title.” Switched-On Schoolhouse. Chandler, AZ: Alpha Omega<br />
Publications, 2001.<br />
Reference book or encyclopedia:<br />
“Title <strong>of</strong> Article.” Title <strong>of</strong> encyclopedia. Year <strong>of</strong> edition.<br />
Examples:<br />
“Franklin, Benjamin.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2002 ed.<br />
“State Government.” World Book. 2003 ed.<br />
Electronic Web site:<br />
Author’s last name, first name (if available). Name or title <strong>of</strong> page. Date <strong>of</strong> posting. (This is the date article<br />
was put onto Web site). Name <strong>of</strong> organization affiliated with Web site. Date <strong>of</strong> access (date on<br />
which you read article or visited site). .<br />
Examples:<br />
Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue University. 15<br />
Nov. 2002. .<br />
Basic Hula Words. 8 Nov. 2000. .<br />
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Article on an electronic Web site:<br />
Author’s last name, first name (if available). “Title <strong>of</strong> Article.” Name <strong>of</strong> Web site. Date <strong>of</strong> posting (date<br />
article was put onto Web site). Name <strong>of</strong> organization affiliated with Web site. Date <strong>of</strong> access (date<br />
on which you read article or visited site. .<br />
Example:<br />
Poland, Dave. “The Hot Button.” Roughcut. 16 Sept. 1997. Turner Network Television. 28 Oct.<br />
1998. .<br />
For a book published on an electronic Web site:<br />
Original author’s last name, first name. Title <strong>of</strong> Book. City, date <strong>of</strong> original publication. Name <strong>of</strong><br />
organization. Editor. Date <strong>of</strong> access. Location <strong>of</strong> access. .<br />
Example:<br />
Du Bois, W.E.B. The Souls <strong>of</strong> Black Folk. Chicago, 1903. Project Bartleby. Ed. Steven van<br />
Leeuwen. Dec. 1995. Columbia U. 2 Dec. 2003.<br />
.<br />
Official state Web site:<br />
Author’s last name, first name. “Title <strong>of</strong> Article.” Date <strong>of</strong> posting (if available). Name <strong>of</strong> organization. Date<br />
<strong>of</strong> access. .<br />
Examples:<br />
Patterson, Grady L., Jr. “South Carolina Office <strong>of</strong> State Treasury Frequently Asked Questions.”<br />
State <strong>of</strong> South Carolina. 5 Aug. 2004. .<br />
Author unknown. “Arizona at Your Service.” 12 July 2001. State <strong>of</strong> Arizona. 25 Oct. 2001.<br />
.<br />
Article in a reference database from a Web site:<br />
Author’s last name, first name. “Title <strong>of</strong> Article.” Name <strong>of</strong> database. Date <strong>of</strong> access. .<br />
Example:<br />
Brockenbrough, Martha. “The Physiology <strong>of</strong> Fear.” Encarta Encyclopedia Online. 25 Oct. 2001.<br />
.<br />
Article in a reference database on CD-ROM:<br />
“Title <strong>of</strong> Article.” Title <strong>of</strong> CD. CD-ROM. City <strong>of</strong> publication: Publisher, date <strong>of</strong> CD.<br />
Example:<br />
“World War II.” Encarta. CD-ROM. Seattle: Micros<strong>of</strong>t, 1999.<br />
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If no date is provided on the CD-ROM, write N.A. If there is no known author for a work on the CD-ROM,<br />
citations in the bibliography are listed alphabetically by the first word <strong>of</strong> the title <strong>of</strong> the work (ignore the<br />
words "A," "An," or "The").<br />
Example:<br />
The Times Atlas <strong>of</strong> the World. 8th ed. New York: New York Times, 1990.<br />
Letter You Received:<br />
Letter writer’s last name, first name. Letter to the author. Date you received letter.<br />
Example:<br />
Bush, George. Letter to the author. 12 Sept. 2001.<br />
Article in a Periodical (Newspaper or Magazine):<br />
Author's last name, first name. “Title <strong>of</strong> Article.” Title <strong>of</strong> Periodical Source. Date: pages or location.<br />
Examples:<br />
Shrewsbury, Norm. “Llama Trekking for Landscapes.” Outdoor Photographer. Sept. 1991: 26-34.<br />
Morris, Betsy. “Coke: The Real Story—How One <strong>of</strong> the World’s Great Companies Lost Its Way.”<br />
Fortune.31 May 2004: 84-98.<br />
Knight, Jonas. “Controversial Judging at the Olympics.” Time. 14 Feb. 2002: 70-71.<br />
Gr<strong>of</strong>f, Garin. “Humans, Snakes Must Coexist in the Desert, Experts Advise.” Scottsdale Tribune.<br />
9 Apr 2000: A8.<br />
Newton, Catherine Reese. “Mormon Choir Celebrates 75 Years on the Air.” The Salt Lake<br />
Tribune. 18 July 2004: B3.<br />
Comic Strip or Cartoon:<br />
Cartoonist's last name, first name. “Comic/Cartoon Title.” Publisher. Date: page or location.<br />
Example:<br />
Watterson, Bill. “Calvin and Hobbes.” Cartoon. Orlando Sentinel. 18 June 1990: C6.<br />
Television or Radio Broadcast:<br />
“Title <strong>of</strong> Episode.” Name <strong>of</strong> Show. Network. TV or radio station call letters, City. Day Month Year.<br />
Examples:<br />
“Dewey's Special Class.” Malcolm in the Middle. Fox. KSAZ, Phoenix. 13 June 2004.<br />
“The War in Iraq.” Fallows, James. Interview. The O'Franken Factor with Al Franken. Air<br />
America Radio. WLIB. New York City. 11 May 2004.<br />
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Give the title <strong>of</strong> the episode (if available), the title <strong>of</strong> the program, plus any pertinent information about<br />
performers, writers, narrator, director, etc., (depending on purpose in citing the resource). List the network<br />
and the local station and date on which the broadcast was heard or recorded. If the transcript was used,<br />
same format is used with the word Transcript at the end <strong>of</strong> the citation.<br />
Example:<br />
“Busted by the FBI!” Narrator Morley Safer. 60 Minutes. CBS. WFSB, Hartford. 14 Feb. 2000.<br />
Transcript.<br />
Public Address, Sermon, Speech, Lecture, or Public Reading<br />
Speaker's last name, first name. “Title <strong>of</strong> presentation, if known.” Meeting and the sponsoring organization<br />
(if applicable). Location. Date.<br />
If there is no title for the speech, use an appropriate descriptive label (i.e., Address, Reading, Sermon,<br />
Lecture, Keynote speech). Do not underline, italicize, or enclose the descriptive label in quotation marks.<br />
Examples:<br />
Yarbrough, Steven, Ph.D. Commencement address. Alpha Omega <strong>Academy</strong> graduation ceremony.<br />
Grace Inn at Ahwatukee, AZ. 5 May 2004.<br />
McClure, Andrew R. “Bible Story-Time for Children.” Starbucks, Chattanooga, TN. 21 Mar.<br />
2003.<br />
Llama, A. Foggie, and Hector Meter. “Humor in the Work Place—Increasing Your Brain Power.”<br />
Panacea Communications Convention, Mauna Lani Bay Hotel, Kohala Coast, Honolulu.<br />
1 Apr. 2004.<br />
Haugh, H. Sermon. Saint James African Methodist Episcopal Church, Raleigh. 16 Aug. 2003.<br />
Interview You Conducted:<br />
Last name, first name <strong>of</strong> person interviewed. Personal, or Telephone, Interview. Day Month Year.<br />
Examples:<br />
Cowell, Simon. Personal Interview. 19 May 2003.<br />
Stover, Franklin. Telephone Interview. 14 Jan. 2004.<br />
Television, Radio, or Magazine Advertisement:<br />
Name <strong>of</strong> product, institution, <strong>of</strong> company. Advertisement. Name <strong>of</strong> source and all pertinent information for<br />
source (as previously covered; include page number for print media).<br />
Examples:<br />
Adidas. Advertisement. NBC-TV. 24 Dec. 2004.<br />
General Foods International C<strong>of</strong>fee. Advertisement. KTAR radio. 6 Aug. 2003.<br />
Discovery Toys. Advertisement. The Old Schoolhouse. Summer 2004: 85.<br />
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Film or Video Recording:<br />
Title <strong>of</strong> film. Director. Main Performers (if applicable). Distributor, date.<br />
Information about the people involved in the creation <strong>of</strong> the film (names <strong>of</strong> the directors, writers,<br />
performers, producers, etc.) is included between the title and the distributor. Inclusion is not mandatory.<br />
Use abbreviations for job titles used (e.g., Director: Dir.; Main Performers: Perf.; Narrator: Narr.; Producer:<br />
Prod.; Conductor: Cond.).<br />
Examples:<br />
Men in Black. Dir. Barry Sonenenfeld. Perf. Tommy Lee Jones and Will Smith. Columbia<br />
Pictures, 1997.<br />
The Passion <strong>of</strong> the Christ. Dir. Mel Gibson. Perf. James Caviezel and Monica Bellucci. New<br />
Market Films, 2004.<br />
The method for citing a videotape, slide program, videodisc, or filmstrip recording is the same as for a film<br />
recording, but the type <strong>of</strong> medium is also included before the name <strong>of</strong> the distributor. The medium type is<br />
not underlined or italicized.<br />
Examples:<br />
The Riddle <strong>of</strong> the Dead Sea Scrolls, Mysteries <strong>of</strong> the Bible Unraveled.Dir. Richard Cassidy. Prod.:<br />
James Mitchell. Writer/Narr.: Rowan Ayers. DVD. Discovery Communications, Inc.,<br />
1992.<br />
Video Visits: New England, America’s Living Heritage. Videocassette. International Video<br />
Network, 1996.<br />
Government Document:<br />
If no author is provided, cite the government agency first, followed by the name <strong>of</strong> the agency. Government<br />
documents come from many sources and many can present special problems for citation. For accuracy<br />
when citing this kind <strong>of</strong> document, you should always refer to The <strong>MLA</strong> Handbook or a Web site that<br />
addresses <strong>MLA</strong> citation for government documents. Below are two generic methods <strong>of</strong> citation <strong>of</strong> a<br />
government document.<br />
Author’s last name, first name. Government agency. Title <strong>of</strong> publication. “Subtitle <strong>of</strong> publication, if<br />
applicable.” Place: Publisher, date.<br />
Examples:<br />
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Indian Bend Wash Superfund Site, Scottsdale and Tempe,<br />
Arizona. “Community Relations Plan.” San Francisco: EPA, 1992.<br />
Bureau <strong>of</strong> Labor Statistics, U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook , 2002-<br />
2003 edition, Bulletin 2507. Indianapolis, IN: JIST, 2003.<br />
For additional information, you can explore other Web sites, including A Guide for Writing Research<br />
Papers Based on Modern Language Association (<strong>MLA</strong>) Documentation, prepared by the Capital<br />
Community College <strong>of</strong> Hartford, CT.<br />
©Alpha Omega Publications<br />
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