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not go<strong>in</strong>g to work. So then we are go<strong>in</strong>g to step back --<br />

these research advance directives are go<strong>in</strong>g to be general<br />

th<strong>in</strong>gs not made with the specific researcher who is go<strong>in</strong>g<br />

to do your experiment at all and they are go<strong>in</strong>g to become,<br />

you know, some k<strong>in</strong>d of carte blanche.<br />

DR. CASSELL: Mr. Chairman, could I ask for<br />

clarification?<br />

DR. DUMAS: Wrong, no. No.<br />

MR. CAPRON: Wrong.<br />

DR. CASSELL: I just want to clarify the<br />

question we are discuss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

DR. CHILDRESS: Use the microphone.<br />

DR. CASSELL: I take it that we have made a<br />

change <strong>in</strong> therapeutic research even where risk is present,<br />

that the family, for example, or a representative can now<br />

consent whereas before that was not the case, I mean, <strong>in</strong><br />

previous lifetimes that was not the case. We put that <strong>in</strong>.<br />

We have added the family or legally appo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />

representative. Now we are argu<strong>in</strong>g only about one area,<br />

nontherapeutic risky research. That is the only th<strong>in</strong>g we<br />

are discuss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

DR. CHILDRESS: Greater than m<strong>in</strong>imal risk,<br />

nonpotentially beneficial research.<br />

DR. CASSELL: Right. But we have as a

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