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DR. CHILDRESS: After aga<strong>in</strong> Alex and Bernie, I<br />

am go<strong>in</strong>g to also ask Trish, who has been one of the major<br />

advocates for some k<strong>in</strong>d of research advance directive <strong>in</strong><br />

our subcommittee, to offer some views because we are<br />

hitt<strong>in</strong>g ma<strong>in</strong>ly the critical po<strong>in</strong>ts and I want to get the<br />

positive ones.<br />

Alex, and then Bernie, and then Trish.<br />

MR. CAPRON: Zeke, I share many of the concerns<br />

about advance directives <strong>in</strong> end of life care that you have<br />

articulated. I do th<strong>in</strong>k it is worthwhile not be<strong>in</strong>g<br />

confused by the similarity of the phrase "advance<br />

directive" to import all of those problems to this area for<br />

several reasons.<br />

Before I get to the reasons let me make one<br />

other preparatory comment, which is the problem always of<br />

the best be<strong>in</strong>g enemy of the good. I fully share with you<br />

and have spent years and years writ<strong>in</strong>g about the difference<br />

between the consent form and so forth and <strong>in</strong>formed consent.<br />

Our ideal ought to be an ongo<strong>in</strong>g process of<br />

conversation between <strong>in</strong>vestigator and subject. Where that<br />

is not achieved the question is what do you do <strong>in</strong>stead. Is<br />

it better to go ahead with an experiment that has no<br />

potential benefit to a mentally impaired subject who has<br />

never been asked whether or not if unable to give

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