parks victoria technical series marine natural values study vol 2 ...
parks victoria technical series marine natural values study vol 2 ...
parks victoria technical series marine natural values study vol 2 ...
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Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 79<br />
Flinders and Twofold Shelf Bioregions Marine Natural Values Study<br />
2.4 Cape Howe MNP – Twofold Shelf Bioregion<br />
Cape Howe is one of three Marine National Parks in the Twofold Shelf bioregion, which also<br />
contains one other MPA, Beware Reef Marine Sanctuary, and Gippsland Lakes and Cape<br />
Conran Coastal Parks (Figure 2). Cape Howe MNP is approximately 15 km east of<br />
Mallacoota. It extends offshore from high water mark to the seaward limit of Victoria’s<br />
coastal waters. It borders 4.8 km of coastline from approximately 1 km east of Telegraph<br />
Point and Gabo Island to the New South Wales border, excluding a section of coast and sea<br />
around Iron Prince (Figure 30 and 31). It is Victoria’s most easterly MNP abutting Cape<br />
Howe Wilderness Zone of Croajingolong National Park, one of only three wilderness zones<br />
on the Victorian coast (Parks Victoria 2006c).<br />
Aboriginal tradition indicates that the park is part of the Country of the Bidwell people and<br />
that other Aboriginal people, including the Yuin Nation, also have an association with the<br />
coastal region of this area (Parks Victoria 2006c).<br />
Important <strong>natural</strong> <strong>values</strong> of Cape Howe MNP are its diversity of habitats including long sandy<br />
beaches, intertidal reef along its eastern shore, shallow and deep subtidal reefs, extensive<br />
subtidal soft sediment, and expansive areas of deep open water (Parks Victoria 2006c). Its<br />
rocky reefs have a complex structure, including eroded low-profile sandstone reef and highprofile<br />
granite reef (Carey et al. 2007b). The shallow subtidal reef is dominated by a mixture<br />
of crayweed Phyllospora comosa and bull kelp Durvillaea potatorum, the reef further<br />
offshore tends to be dominated by P. comosa (Ball and Blake 2007; Edmunds et al. 2010b).<br />
On these reefs the herbivorous sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii, can remove all erect<br />
algae to create ‘urchin barrens’ (Williams et al. 2007). Common invertebrates include the<br />
blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra, the warrener Turbo undulatus and another turban shell<br />
Astralium tentoriformis (Williams et al. 2007; Edmunds et al. 2010b). Common fish are<br />
herring cale Odax cyanomelas, the leatherjacket Meuschenia freycineti, striped mado<br />
Atypichthys strigatus, banded morwong Cheilodactylus spectabilis and the damselfishes<br />
Parma microlepis and Chromis hypsilepis (Williams et al. 2007; Edmunds et al. 2010b). Its<br />
deep (30 to 50m) sandstone reefs are heavily covered with a diverse array of sponges,<br />
ascidians and gorgonians (Carey et al. 2007b; Holmes et al. 2007b).<br />
The extensive area of subtidal soft sediments are mainly a fine and medium sand, with a low<br />
carbonate content, which becomes dominated by shells in depths >50 m (Holmes et al.<br />
2007b). Extensive macroalgal beds occur on sediment and sediment covered reef 10 to 40<br />
m depth with Caulerpa dominating in 30 to 40 m. Sponges dominate sediment at depths >40<br />
m, with orange ball sponges Tethya dominant in 40 to 60 m depth (Holmes et al. 2007b).<br />
Crustaceans such as amphipods, cumaceans, isopods and ostracods, and polychaetes are<br />
the dominant infauna in 10 to 20 m depth sediments (Heislers and Parry 2007). Common<br />
fish over sediment and sediment covered reef are yellow scad Trachyurus novaezelandiae,<br />
ocean leatherjacket Nelusetta ayraudi, whiting Sillago, grubfish Parapercis sp. eastern bluespotted<br />
flathead Platycephalus caeruleopunctatus, velvet leatherjacket Meuschenia scaber<br />
and the butterfly perch Caesioperca lepidoptera (Moore et al. 2009). The draughtboard shark<br />
Cephaloscyllium laticeps is also common and can be found down to the deepest depths (105<br />
m) of the MNP (Moore et al. 2009).<br />
Cape Howe MNP has a high diversity of intertidal and shallow subtidal invertebrates<br />
(Edmunds et al. 2005; Carey et al. 2007b). Eastern temperate, southern cosmopolitan and<br />
temperate species co-occur as a result of the mixing of warm eastern and cool southern<br />
waters (Edmunds et al. 2005; Parks Victoria 2006c). Thirty-eight species of <strong>marine</strong> flora and<br />
fauna are believed to be at their eastern, western or northern distributional limits within the<br />
planning area (O’Hara and Poore 2000).<br />
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