parks victoria technical series marine natural values study vol 2 ...
parks victoria technical series marine natural values study vol 2 ...
parks victoria technical series marine natural values study vol 2 ...
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Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 79<br />
Flinders and Twofold Shelf Bioregions Marine Natural Values Study<br />
the MPAs, except Ninety Mile Beach MNP, have both shallow and deep subtidal reef. All,<br />
except for Beware Reef, have extensive intertidal soft sediment habitat or beaches. Flora in<br />
this habitat is restricted to macroalgae drift which, with other wrack material, contributes to<br />
the detrital cycle and is a significant source of food for many shore birds and invertebrates.<br />
All MPAs have subtidal soft sediment habitat, which can have very high numbers of<br />
invertebrate species living on and in it. Subtidal soft sediment and open water are the<br />
dominant habitat types in the MPAs.<br />
In Wilsons Promontory MNP intertidal rocky reef is limited to a narrow band as the shores<br />
are very steep. Intertidal rocky reef is a relatively narrow band rock platform around the base<br />
of Point Hicks and only along the far eastern shore of Cape Howe MNP. The Beware Reef<br />
MS intertidal reef platform provides a haul-out area for Australian Arctocephalus pusillus<br />
doriferus and New Zealand Arctophoca forsteri fur seals. The intertidal reef invertebrate<br />
assemblages in Twofold Shelf are more similar to southern NSW reef than those to the west<br />
along the Victorian coast. There is no intertidal reef monitoring program in either bioregion,<br />
because of limited intertidal reef and low threat from harvesting or trampling.<br />
Ongoing monitoring and focused research projects have described the flora and fauna of the<br />
subtidal reefs in all the MPAs except Ninety Mile Beach MNP. The shallow subtidal reefs in<br />
the MPAs differ in the composition of canopy forming macroalgae species, understorey and<br />
the associated invertebrate and fish assemblages. Common to all MPAs is the blacklip<br />
abalone Haliotis rubra and wrasse spp. The herbivorous, warm water sea urchin<br />
Centrostephanus rodgersii occurs on the reefs in both bioregions and can remove all erect<br />
algae to create ‘urchin barrens’. Warm water fish species such as the damsel fish, including<br />
the one-spot puller Chromis hypsilepis and white-ear damselfish Parma microlepis, are a<br />
feature of Twofold Shelf shallow subtidal reefs.<br />
Wilsons Promontory MNP has a wide range of subtidal habitat types, from low to high wave<br />
exposure creating distinct east west biogeographic patterns. On high exposure reef,<br />
common in the west and south of the MNP, crayweed Phyllospora comosa dominates the<br />
canopy, the seastars Patiriella brevispina and P. vernicina are typical and herring cale Odax<br />
cyanomelax is abundant. On moderate to low exposure reef in the east Ecklonia-<br />
Seirococcus assemblage dominates the canopy, the seastar Nectria macrobranchia is<br />
typical and herring cale O. cyanomelax abundance is low. Urchins Heliocidaris<br />
erythrogramma, blacklip abalone H. rubra and feather stars Cenolia trichoptera are abundant<br />
on shallow subtidal reefs throughout the MNP. Fish species number and abundance is high<br />
compared to shallow subtidal reefs west of Wilsons Promontory MNP. Four species of fish<br />
dominate, the barber perch Casioperca rasor, blue-throated wrasse Notolabrus tetricus,<br />
purple wrasse N. fucicola, long-finned pike Dinolestes lewini and herring cale O.<br />
cyanomelax. The eastern blue grouper Achoerodus viridis is present in low numbers in<br />
Wilsons Promontory MNP.<br />
Subtidal low calcarenite rocky reefs dominated by sessile invertebrates and sparse red algae<br />
occur along Ninety Mile Beach. Preliminary mapping has not located the reefs within the<br />
Ninety Mile Beach MNP, they may have been covered by sand at the time of mapping.<br />
Shallow subtidal rocky reefs in Point Hicks MNP are highly exposed and have varied forms,<br />
from simple to complex providing a wide range of habitats. The canopy is a mixture of P.<br />
comosa and common kelp Ecklonia radiata, with the proportions of these two species<br />
varying according to the habitat, depth and location. The reef beneath the canopy varies<br />
from encrusting and erect sponges to small fleshy red algae. Invertebrate assemblages<br />
include relatively high abundances of the predatory whelk Cabestana spengleri and the<br />
seastar Patiriella calcar, and moderate abundances of blacklip abalone H. rubra and the red<br />
bait crab Plagusia chabrus. Fish assemblages are dominated by large numbers of blue<br />
throat wrasse Notolabrus tetricus and purple wrasse N. fucicola. Other fish species include<br />
the banded morwong Cheilodactylus spectabilis, sea sweep Scorpis aequipinnis, and Maori<br />
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