Diabetes in pregnancy: are we providing the best care ... - HQIP

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Glossary and abbreviations Infant formula An industrially produced milk product based on cow or soy milk, which aims to duplicate the nutrient content of natural human breast milk Intensive care Criteria for receipt of intensive care are: • Receiving any respiratory support via a tracheal tube and in the fi rst 24 hours after its withdrawal • Receiving NCPAP for any part of the day and less than 5 days old • Below 1000g current weight and receiving NCPAP for any part of the day and for 24 hours after withdrawal • Less than 29 weeks of gestational age and less than 48 hours old • Requiring major emergency surgery, for the preoperative period and postoperatively for 24 hours • Requiring complex clinical procedures: • Full exchange transfusion • Peritoneal dialysis • Infusion of inotrope, pulmonary vasodilator or prostaglandin and for 24 hours afterwards. • Any other very unstable baby considered by the nurse-in-charge to need one-to-one nursing • A baby on the day of death. (British Association of Perinatal Medicine, 2001) Interquartile range (IQR) The spread of a set of values between which 25% (25th centile) and 75% (75th centile) of these values lie Intrauterine death Death of the fetus within the uterus before delivery IUD Intrauterine death Late fetal loss A death occurring between 20 weeks + 0 days and 23 weeks + 6 days Late neonatal death Death of a live born baby occurring from 7 completed days from the time of birth and before 28 completed days after birth. Legal abortion In England and Wales, term used to describe the deliberate ending of a pregnancy, under the provisions of the current law (1967/92 Act of Parliament), with the intention that the fetus will not survive Macrosomia Oversized baby as seen for example as a consequence of the effect of diabetes during pregnancy. Defi ned as having a birth weight above the 90th centile for gestation or a birth weight of 4000g or more. Median The value of the middle item of a series when the items are arranged in numerical order Metformin An oral antidiabetic agent that decreases glucose production by the liver and lowers plasma glucose levels Microalbuminuria A very small increase in urinary albumin Miscarriage Spontaneous ending of a pregnancy before viability (currently taken as 24 weeks of gestation) MODY Maturity onset diabetes of the young. A group of autosomal dominant disorders in young people each caused by a single gene defect, associated with decreased insulin production and varying degrees of clinical severity Multidisciplinary clinic A clinic with access to care from health professionals in more than one discipline. For diabetes, the disciplines recommended are obstetrics, diabetology, nursing, midwifery and dietetics. Multiparous A woman who has had at least one previous birth (from 24 weeks onwards) Multiple birth Birth of more than one baby from a pregnancy Neonatal death Death of a live born baby before 28 completed days after birth viii
Neonatal unit A unit which provides additional care for babies over and above that which can be offered on a postnatal ward or transitional care unit. There are different levels of complexity of care which can be offered by an individual neonatal unit Neural tube defect A major birth defect caused by abnormal development of the neural tube, the structure present during embryonic life which later gives rise to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) NHSLA National Health Service Litigation Authority NICE National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence NSF National Service Framework Obesity Increased body weight, defi ned as a Body Mass Index of 30 or greater Odds ratio A measure of the excess risk or degree of protection given by exposure to a certain factor. An odds ratio of greater than 1 shows an increased risk and less than 1 shows a protective effect Offspring Term encompassing live births, in utero losses after 20 completed weeks of gestation and terminations of pregnancy for congenital anomaly Parity The number of viable infants that a woman has delivered. Viability is currently accepted from 24 weeks of gestation onwards Perinatal mortality rate The number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths per 1000 live and stillbirths Placental insufficiency Impairment of placental blood fl ow leading to impaired fetal growth and nutrition Post-mortem Examination of the body after death to determine cause of death examination Postnatal The period of time occurring after birth Preconception care Counselling and clinical management strategies before conception to ensure that women are well prepared for pregnancy. For women with diabetes, this includes ensuring near-normal glycaemic control before conception, commencing high dose folic acid, reviewing medication, screening for diabetes complications, and giving information about pregnancy risks, appropriate diet and lifestyle. Preterm delivery Delivery before 37+0 weeks’ gestation Preterm delivery rate Percentage of all deliveries that occur before 37 + 0 weeks’ gestation Prevalence The proportion of individuals in a population having a disease Primary care The health services that play a central role in the local community, such as general practitioners, health visitors, pharmacists, dentists and midwives Primigravida A woman who is in her fi rst pregnancy QDS Quarter die sumendum (Latin) meaning four times a day Quintile The portion of a frequency distribution containing one fi fth of the total sample Range The difference or interval between the smallest and largest values in a frequency distribution Retinal assessment Examining the fundi through pupils which have been dilated with eye drops Secondary care Services provided by medical specialists who generally do not have fi rst contact with patients Severe hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia requiring help from another person Shoulder dystocia Any documented evidence of diffi culty with delivering the shoulders after delivery of the baby’s head Singleton One fetus or baby Sliding scale Intravenous insulin and dextrose infusions with a set of instructions for adjusting the dose of insulin on the basis of blood glucose test results ix
Page 1 and 2: Confidential Enquiry into Maternal
Page 3 and 4: Contents Acknowledgements .........
Page 5 and 6: • Members of the CEMACH Diabetes
Page 7: Erb’s palsy Injury to the nerve r
Page 11 and 12: Foreword This third and fi nal repo
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction This is the fi nal
Page 15 and 16: 2. Key fi ndings of the CEMACH Diab
Page 17 and 18: Suboptimal fetal surveillance of ba
Page 19 and 20: 3. Summary of recommendations This
Page 21 and 22: 2. Patient pathways of care includi
Page 23 and 24: the pregnancies meeting this defi n
Page 25 and 26: in order to remove any identifi abl
Page 27 and 28: When deriving odds ratios for any p
Page 29 and 30: Associations are reported in Chapte
Page 31 and 32: Table 5.1 Characteristics of women
Page 33 and 34: Table 5.4 Characteristics of women
Page 35 and 36: was no information available to pan
Page 37 and 38: 6. Factors associated with poor pre
Page 39 and 40: Table 6.2 Association of clinical c
Page 41 and 42: Table 6.5 Association of specifi c
Page 43 and 44: Table 6.8 Association of postnatal
Page 45 and 46: folic acid before pregnancy (19% of
Page 47 and 48: Table 7.2 Panel comments on social
Page 49 and 50: 7.5 Conclusions One of the key fi n
Page 51 and 52: 11.Dex S, Heather J (eds). Millenni
Page 53 and 54: 8. Clinical care issues: preconcept
Page 55 and 56: chance of induction of labour was r
Page 57 and 58: 8.6.1 Enquiry fi ndings Just over h
Page 59 and 60:
Some quotes from the panel discussi
Page 61 and 62:
Apart from the explanation of pregn
Page 63 and 64:
was associated with poor pregnancy
Page 65 and 66:
of women after the fi rst trimester
Page 67 and 68:
9.5.1 Panel comments on suboptimal
Page 69 and 70:
During labour and delivery, the maj
Page 71 and 72:
Just 52% of 383 women (38% of 164 c
Page 73 and 74:
• ‘No serial growth scans perfo
Page 75 and 76:
The panel enquiries, which are in e
Page 77 and 78:
10.3.1 Enquiry fi ndings Seventy fi
Page 79 and 80:
10.6 Communication Effective commun
Page 81 and 82:
Some quotes from the panel discussi
Page 83 and 84:
working between primary and seconda
Page 85 and 86:
we therefore selected 7.2% of pregn
Page 87 and 88:
11.4 Preconception behaviour The CE
Page 89 and 90:
enquiry related to a 12 month prior
Page 91 and 92:
Table 11.10 Differences in postnata
Page 93 and 94:
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have tra
Page 95 and 96:
Panels were chaired by the panel ch
Page 97 and 98:
In 57% (24/42) of cases, a junior d
Page 99 and 100:
Infant formula given as fi rst feed
Page 101 and 102:
2.1 hours in babies remaining with
Page 103 and 104:
12.7.1 Panel comments on suboptimal
Page 105 and 106:
The concerns described here probabl
Page 107 and 108:
External commentary Patricia Hamilt
Page 109 and 110:
informed and motivated to manage th
Page 112 and 113:
100 Appendix A: Pre-pregnancy care
Page 114 and 115:
102 Appendix B: Diabetes enquiry pr
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Appendix C Association between demo
Page 134 and 135:
Appendix C Association of preconcep
Page 136 and 137:
Appendix C Association of postnatal
Page 138 and 139:
Appendix D Association of social an
Page 140 and 141:
Appendix D Association of diabetes
Page 142 and 143:
Appendix E Association between demo
Page 144 and 145:
Appendix E Association between prec
Page 146 and 147:
Appendix E Association between post
Page 148 and 149:
Appendix F - CEMACH advisory groups
Page 150:
Appendix F - CEMACH advisory groups
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Diabetes in pregnancy: are we providing the best care ... - HQIP

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