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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY COMMANDER’S OVERVIEW • Introduces cyberspace and its integration into joint operations. • Explains cyberspace operations and their relationship to joint functions. • Covers authorities, roles, and responsibilities. • Discusses planning and coordination of cyberspace operations. Introduction Cyberspace operations (CO) are the employment of cyberspace capabilities where the primary purpose is to achieve objectives in or through cyberspace. Cyberspace Cyberspace, while a global domain within the information environment, is one of five interdependent domains, the others being the physical domains of air, land, maritime, and space. Most aspects of joint operations rely in part on cyberspace, the global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. Developments in cyberspace provide the means for the US military, its allies, and partner nations to gain and maintain a strategic, continuing advantage in the operational environment (OE), and can be leveraged to ensure the nation’s economic and physical security. Access to the Internet provides adversaries the capability to compromise the integrity of US critical infrastructures in direct and indirect ways. These characteristics and conditions present a paradox within cyberspace: the prosperity and security of our nation have been significantly enhanced by our use of cyberspace, yet these same developments have led to increased vulnerabilities and a critical dependence on cyberspace, for the US in general and the joint force in particular. Cyberspace consists of many different and often overlapping networks, as well as the nodes (any device or logical location with an Internet protocol address or other analogous identifier) on those networks, and the system data (such as routing tables) that support them. Cyberspace can be described in terms of three layers: physical network, logical network, and cyber-persona. The physical network layer of cyberspace is comprised of the geographic component and the physical network components. It is the medium where the data travel. The logical network layer consists of those elements of the v
Executive Summary network that are related to one another in a way that is abstracted from the physical network, i.e., the form or relationships are not tied to an individual, specific path, or node. A simple example is any Web site that is hosted on servers in multiple physical locations where all content can be accessed through a single uniform resource locator. The cyber-persona layer represents yet a higher level of abstraction of the logical network in cyberspace; it uses the rules that apply in the logical network layer to develop a digital representation of an individual or entity identity in cyberspace. The cyberpersona layer consists of the people actually on the network. Integrating CO While it is possible that some military objectives can be achieved by CO alone, CO capabilities should be considered during joint operation planning, integrated into the joint force commander’s plan, and synchronized with other operations during execution. The Joint Force and Cyberspace Commanders conduct cyberspace operations (CO) to retain freedom of maneuver in cyberspace, accomplish the joint force commander’s (JFC’s) objectives, deny freedom of action to adversaries, and enable other operational activities. Conflicts that may need to be addressed to fully integrate CO into joint operation planning and execution include: centralized CO planning for Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations and defense; the JFC’s need to synchronize operations and fires, including CO; deconfliction requirements between government entities; partner nation relationships; and the relationships between CO and information operations, between CO and operations conducted in the physical domains, and the wide variety of legal issues that relate to CO. The JFC faces a unique set of challenges while executing CO in a complex global security environment. CO are enabled by the DODIN. The DODIN is a global infrastructure of Department of Defense (DOD) systems carrying DOD, national security, and related intelligence community information and intelligence. Cyberspace presents the JFC with many threats ranging from nation states to individual actors. Perhaps the most challenging aspect of attributing actions in cyberspace is connecting a cyberspace actor (cyber-persona) or action to an actual individual, group, or state actor, with sufficient confidence and verifiability to hold them accountable. CO may not require physical proximity; many CO can be executed remotely. Moreover, the effects of CO may extend beyond a target, a joint operations area, or even an area of responsibility (AOR). vi JP 3-12
Page 1 and 2: • Joint Publication 3-12 (R) R TM
Page 3 and 4: Preface Intentionally Blank ii JP 3
Page 5: Table of Contents GLOSSARY Part I A
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary functions common
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Page 21 and 22: Chapter I c. Private Industry. Many
Page 23 and 24: Chapter II c. Authorities Overlap.
Page 25 and 26: Chapter II b. Security of Non-DOD I
Page 27 and 28: Chapter II See JP 2-01, Joint and N
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Page 35 and 36: Chapter III missions, DOD will also
Page 37 and 38: Chapter III (1) Advise the Presiden
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Page 41 and 42: Chapter III (5) Support compliance
Page 43 and 44: Chapter III (b) Defend against the
Page 45 and 46: Chapter IV nation states, groups, o
Page 47 and 48: Chapter IV through intelligence sou
Page 49 and 50: Chapter IV a constantly changing OE
Page 51 and 52: Chapter IV Cyberspace Command and C
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Chapter IV (2) Differing national s
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Chapter IV Intentionally Blank IV-1
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Appendix A 3. Office of the Secreta
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Appendix A b. United States Army Tr
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Appendix B 6. Distribution of Elect
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Glossary I&W IA IAW IC ICT IGL IM I
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PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS com
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