Children - Terre des Hommes

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94 that 296,979 children aged between 5 and 14 years were out of school in 2006-07. 136 Pratham’s ASER 2008 survey estimates that 1.9 per cent of children in that age group remain out of school in the state, and around 8.8 per cent of 3–4 year olds are not enrolled in an anganwadi centre or pre-school. 137 According to Census data, there were 1,065,259 children aged between 5 and 14 years working as child labourers in Madhya Pradesh in 2001. 138 There is very little data available on the number of children working in hazardous occupations in the state. In 1999, the central government reported that there were 11,259 children employed in hazardous occupations in Madhya Pradesh, 139 but this may well have increased since then, as the list of hazardous occupations has been expanded. The NCLP is currently operating in only 17 out of the 50 districts in Madhya Pradesh. In 2006-07, there were 2,824 children rescued and rehabilitated under the scheme, bringing the total number of children rehabilitated in the state by May 2007 to 3,519. 140 This is likely to be a very small percentage of the actual number of children employed in hazardous occupations across the state. Census data shows that there were 2,747 children between 5 and 14 years working in mining and quarrying in the state in 2001, and a total of 12,655 children 19 years and under working in the sector. 141 The situation of child health in the state is also worrying. Madhya Pradesh has IMR and under five mortality rates far higher than the national average—69.5 per 1,000 live births and 94.2 per 1,000 live births respectively, as against the national figures of 57 and 74.3. 142 The state also made the headlines in 2008 for having the highest levels of child malnutrition in India. According to NFHS-3, around 60 per cent of children in the state are malnourished. This means that the rate of malnutrition in children has actually increased by 5 per cent in the state in the past decade, a situation exacerbated by poor rains and the global food crisis. 143 Madhya Pradesh also has a low sex ratio—920 girls to every 1,000 boys— indicating that female foeticide and girl child preference are likely to be prevalent in the state. 144 Mining in Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is the sole producer of diamonds and slate in India. The state is also the leading producer of copper concentrate, pyrophyllite and diaspore. In 2007-08, the value of mineral production in the state was Rs. 80.62 billion, an increase of 17 per cent from the previous year. 145 Madhya Pradesh accounted for 7.4 per cent of the total mineral production in the country, making it the sixth largest mineral producer in India. There were 319 reporting mines in the state in 2007-08. In terms of general trends, the production of coal and manganese ore in the state has increased over the years, but the production of bauxite and copper ore has decreased. Stone quarries and diamond mines exist together in Panna (Photo August 2009) According to figures provided by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, there were 54,000 people officially employed in 160 reporting mines in the state in 2005. This is a slight decrease from 57,300 employees in 2002. However, other figures also provided by the Ministry suggest the number may be slightly higher, indicating that 30,000 people are employed in underground mines in the state, 10,000 in opencast mines and 16,000 in above ground mines. 146 The actual number of people working in mining in the state is likely to be substantially higher than this, because of the existence of 136. Rajiv Gandhi Shiksha Mission, Government of MP; quoted in Government of Madhya Pradesh, Human Development Report, 2007, http://www.mp.gov.in/ difmp/mphdr2007.htm. 137. Pratham ASER 2008 survey. 138. Census of India, 2001. 139. Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2691, dated 9.8.2000. 140. Data accessed on indiastat.com; Compiled from the statistics released by: Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 3759, 09.05.2007, Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 994, 20.08.2007 and Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2415, 03.12.2007. 141. Census of India, 2001. 142. NFHS-3, 2007. 143. BBC News, Malnutrition getting worse in India, 10 June 2008. 144. Data accessed on indiastat.com; taken from National Commission for Women, 2001. 145. Ministry of Mines, Annual Report, 2008-09.
95 Panna district: Key facts Total population: 856,558 (Census 2001) Population (0–14 years): 349,322 (Census 2001) Literacy rate: Total 61.36 per cent Male 73.33 per cent Female 47.97 per cent (Census 2001) Percentage of out-of-school children (6–14 years): 1.5 per cent (ASER 2008) Percentage of children enrolled in AWC or pre-school (3–4 years): 89.7 per cent (ASER 2008) Number of child labour (5–14 years): 13,303 (Census 2001) Under five mortality rate (ranking): 587 out of 593 districts surveyed (Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh) artisanal and small-scale mining. According to the Census, there were 177,249 people working in mining and quarrying (main and marginal workers) in Madhya Pradesh in 2001. Of these, 2,747 children aged between 5 and 14 years were working in mining in the state in 2001, and 12,655 in the age group 5 and 19 years. 147 An estimated 31.7 per cent of the country’s diamond reserves are located in Panna district, Madhya Pradesh. 148 The diamond belt covers around a 1,000 km area. The NMDC, a government-owned company, is the only organised producer of diamonds in the country, from its Majhgawan mine, 20 km from Panna town. Majhgawan is the only mechanised diamond mine in Asia and was discovered in 1827. In January 2001, the mine and plant was upgraded for 84,000 carats production per year, which was a huge increase from 15,000 carats in 1984. Every year, the land is leased to prospective miners by the government agency. The diamonds are then collected by the district magistrate of Panna, and auctioned four times a year. However, a large quantity of diamonds are mined illegally and smuggled out of the state to polishing units in Surat in Gujarat and Mumbai in Maharashtra. There are over 3,000 illegal mines in the district and an estimated 90 per cent of diamonds mined in the area are sold illegally. 149 Diamond mining is the only source of livelihood for many people living in the district. However, as with most artisanal diamond mining areas across the world, the labourers get a tiny fraction of the value of the stones they find. Diamonds Are Not a Girl’s Best Friend: ‘For Her, Who Digs, Cuts and Polishes, Diamonds Are Forever a Curse’ “My name is Sudeep. I am working with my father here in the stone quarries since 3–4 years. Now I am 18 years old. I come from Panna village. There is no fixed rate of payment for the work I do. For digging out one plate of stone we get Rs.70–120 per day. In a day we can take out 5–6 plates of the stone, as a group. I can say that I earn Rs.100– 120 in one day. But I can only work for 12–15 days in a month as the work is very strenuous. I have never been to school”. Source: : Interview carried out in Purna Panna stone and diamond quarries, Panna, August 2009 This is the story of the glittering refractions of a piece of carbon that fragment the childhood of the poor dalit and adivasi children of Panna. Panna district was originally a Gond settlement until the thirteenth century and became geographically of strategic value after the importance gained to the minerals found here. Panna is famous for its diamonds which are located in a belt extending for 80 km across the district. It also has many stone quarries that stretch across the entire district and yet, Panna is one of the poorest districts in the state, graded as ‘C’ category. 146. All figures accessed on indiastat.com; provided by Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. 147. Census of India, 2001. 148. Centre for Science and Environment, Rich Lands, Poor People, ‘State of India’s Environment: 6’, 2008, pp. 216. 149. Ibid.
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India’s Childhood in the "Pits" A
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iii Acknowledgements This report, c
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Table of Contents About the Study 3
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4 List of states and districts visi
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6 However, closer observation of th
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8 In addition, almost all work perf
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10 Impacts Children are affected di
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12 is mandatory and this must be
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15 National Overview Mining has imp
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17 Table 1.2: Number of illegal min
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19 Table 1.3: Key indicators in min
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21 migrate to plain areas or are co
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23 had no land to start with and wo
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25 Although there is no data to sho
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27 2,055 children enrolled in Santu
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29 we will eat tomorrow,” said a
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31 GURIA is a dark-eyed little girl
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33 Serious health problems have alr
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35 In several districts of Rajastha
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37 Table 1.4: Total number of child
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39 Bearing in mind that many of the
Page 44 and 45: 41 children are working in mines in
Page 46 and 47: 43 significant problem. A study car
Page 48 and 49: 45 Part II State Reports 1. Karnata
Page 50 and 51: 48 basic healthcare to its populati
Page 52 and 53: 50 Kolar district: Key facts Total
Page 54 and 55: 52 and pursued higher education. Th
Page 56 and 57: 54 has created a peculiar aesthetic
Page 58 and 59: 56 number of children working in th
Page 60 and 61: 58 almost every child is absent for
Page 62 and 63: 60 Table 2.02: Survey on children n
Page 64 and 65: 62 the village were cough, eye infe
Page 66 and 67: 65 Maharashtra State Overview Mahar
Page 68 and 69: 67 154 are in Maharashtra (making i
Page 70 and 71: 69 poverty, (ii) education, (iii) h
Page 72 and 73: 71 Quarry is a very big area spread
Page 74 and 75: 73 family works as a unit and manag
Page 76 and 77: 75 Table 2.06: Class-wise distribut
Page 78 and 79: 77 Children in stone quarries hit b
Page 80 and 81: 80 Literacy levels are also poor in
Page 82 and 83: 82 and quarrying in the state. Of t
Page 84 and 85: 84 Follow up interviews were carrie
Page 86 and 87: 86 At Thumbli village, residents ex
Page 88 and 89: 88 usually not strong enough to car
Page 90 and 91: 90 Inadequate Health Facilities Sev
Page 92 and 93: 92 Many of the Workers in the Mines
Page 96 and 97: 96 This case study covered two mine
Page 98 and 99: 98 Traditional Forest Dwellers (Rec
Page 100 and 101: 100 in the mine sites ekeing out a
Page 102 and 103: 102 Conclusions Panna, once a rich
Page 104 and 105: 104 Commission, Government of India
Page 106 and 107: 106 The top five most mined distric
Page 108 and 109: 108 There are several other content
Page 110 and 111: 110 Table 2.11: Enrolment of childr
Page 112 and 113: 112 companies for their power plant
Page 114 and 115: 115 Jharkhand State Overview The st
Page 116 and 117: 117 population who live in these fo
Page 118 and 119: 119 around coal, but to also provid
Page 120 and 121: 121 Status of Anganwadi Centres and
Page 122 and 123: 123 due to multiple government duti
Page 124 and 125: 125 Uranium Corporation of India Li
Page 126 and 127: 128 farming and forestry. It is the
Page 128 and 129: 130 attendance at birth, the high p
Page 130 and 131: 132 were displaced for mining proje
Page 132 and 133: 134 the impacts are visibly evident
Page 134 and 135: 136 for construction and other indu
Page 136 and 137: 138 Table 2.17: School enrolment da
Page 138 and 139: 140 village also complained of cont
Page 140 and 141: 142 about the status of children in
Page 142 and 143: 144 exposed to the toxicity from th
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146 for labour elsewhere. The prese
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148 State Excesses and Human Rights
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150 Table 2.25: Information collect
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152 The DP Camp is far away from th
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154 Naik and Mr. Prahlad Naid who a
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156 Social Cost of Displacement As
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158 Table 2.32: Comparative village
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160 Rajabandha also has a low cost
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162 on land to be acquired in some
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165 Andhra Pradesh State Overview T
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167 Mining in Andhra Pradesh Almost
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169 small areas where there are qua
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171 other families also working in
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173 Nature of Quarry Work Tradition
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175 Conclusions The three micro-lev
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Part III Summary and Recommendation
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180 Whose Child is India’s Mining
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182 attention on child labour issue
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184 are not working in the mines.
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186 proposed to be the basis of th
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188 explored, clear design and work
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OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE RIGHT TO IN
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193 Andhra Pradesh areas. Appr
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195 Tamil Nadu Orissa informati
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197 compensation for land and R
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Annexures
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200 Karnataka The tables below give
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202 Drop-out children brought back
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205 Glossary Adivasi: The term used
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207 and educational development. Pa
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