Children - Terre des Hommes

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80 Literacy levels are also poor in the state; according to the 2001 Census, 61.03 per cent of the population are literate which is significantly lower than the national average of 66 per cent. Within this figure, there are shockingly sharp gender divides—76.46 per cent of the male population were found to be literate, compared to a meagre 44.34 per cent of the female population. The situation for SC and ST in the state is even worse, with only 31.18 per cent of rural SC women and 25.22 per cent of rural ST women literate. 65 Status of Children The total number of children 19 years and under in Rajasthan in 2001 was 28,033,445 and the number of children aged between 0 and 14 years was 22,543,231. 66 This means that children constitute over 40 per cent of the state’s total population. Although the official number of children out of school is only 155,338, 67 the actual number is likely to be much higher than this. According to the 2001 Census, the number of children between 4 and 14 years working as child labour in the state was 1,262,570, constituting 10 per cent of India’s entire child labour force and placing Rajasthan behind only Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh in terms of child labour numbers. The NSSO painted an even more frightening picture in 2004-05, suggesting that 3,488,000 children between 5 and14 years (over one in five children in the state) are child labourers. In stark contrast to this, despite the existence of 29 NCLP schools across Rajasthan, only 14,234 working children have been rehabilitated in the state through this programme. 68 Official figures on the number of children working in all hazardous sectors are ridiculously low. There were reported to be only 3,026 children employed in hazardous occupations in Rajasthan in 1999. 69 This is also contradicted by the Census data, which states that the number of children working in mining and quarrying alone in 2001 was 4,296. 70 According to India’s only private survey of school education, Pratham’s ASER 2008 survey, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh were the only two states where the number of out-of-school children did not decrease between 2007 and 2008. 71 Their data indicates that 7.1 per cent of children between 5 and 14 years are out of school in the state, and that 37.6 per cent of children between 0 and 5 years are not enrolled in an anganwadi centre or pre-school. 72 Within Rajasthan, there are also wide variations between districts. Notably, the mining districts visited as part of this study—Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Barmer—all have large proportions of children aged between 5 and 14 years out of school; this is respectively 15 per cent, 12.1 per cent and 11.4 per cent. This therefore constitutes a significant proportion of children available as labour pool in these districts. Rajasthan also continues to experience high drop-out rates, with only 60 per cent of children who enrol in class I reaching class VIII. The drop-out rates are worst in the geographically difficult region (the desert area) and in the ST habited region (the south). In many areas, supply constraints continue to impede access to formal education for many children— facilities are poor, teachers frequently absent, and in 11 out of the 32 districts over 30 per cent of schools have only one teacher. 73 Children at MLPC day care centre (Photo July 2009) Child health outcomes in Rajasthan are also poor. Around 80 per cent of children between six and 35 months are anaemic and 44 per cent of children under 3 years of age are underweight. 65. Census of India, 2001. 66. Ibid. 67. Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 576, dated 21.10.08, State-wise Number of Out of School Children (6-14 years Age) in India (As on 31.03.2008). 68. Ministry of Labour, Rajasthan, www.rajlabour.nic.in/childlabour.doc. 69. Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2691, dated 9.8.2000. 70. Census of India, 2001. 71. Pratham ASER 2008 survey, pp. 50. 72. Ibid, pp. 64. 73. Human Development Report Rajasthan 2008, Prepared for the Government of Rajasthan by the Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur.
81 Most worryingly, there has been no improvement in these figures between 1992 and 2005, despite economic growth. 74 Rajasthan is currently severely off-track in terms of reducing the IMR. According to the Ministry for Health and Family Welfare, Rajasthan’s IMR in 2007 was 65 per 1,000 live births; this is significantly higher than the national average of 55 per 1,000. 75 The densely populated areas of the northeast and the adivasi districts of the south have in fact observed an increase in the IMR in recent years. 76 In spite of investments made in schemes such as the ICDS, the NFHS-3 found no decrease in child malnutrition in Rajasthan between its first survey in 1992-93 and its most recent survey, in 2005-06. 77 Rajasthan’s sex ratio also raises cause for alarm, revealing ongoing gender discrimination in the state. According to the 2001 Census, the Rajasthan ratio is 921 females to 1,000 males; this is lower than the national average of 933 females to 1,000 males. Sex ratios in some of the western districts, such as Jaisalmer and Barmer, are particularly poor. 78 Child marriage also continues to be serious problem in Rajasthan, with frequent stories in the media of forced child marriages taking place across the state in breach of the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929. Mining in Rajasthan previous year. 81 The state accounted for around 4.6 per cent of India’s mineral production that year. Mineral production accounts for around three per cent of the state’s total revenue. 82 Though minor minerals contribute more than 50 per cent in terms of the value of mineral production, their contribution to the total royalty received from mining in the state is just five per cent. 83 More than 95 per cent of mining activities in Rajasthan are in the unorganised sector. 84 There are thousands of unorganised mines and stone quarries in Rajasthan, some as small as onetwentieth of a hectare. These minor mineral leases cover an area of over 50,000 ha. 85 Minerals are found across the entire state, but the majority of the mines and quarries are located across the southern and southeastern districts, one of the areas of the country most heavily populated by STs. Rajasthan produces 10 per cent of the worlds’ and 70 per cent of India’s, output of sandstone. 86 Given that most of the mining and quarrying in Rajasthan is carried out on small, informal sites, and that illegal mining is reportedly rampant, it is difficult to estimate the actual size of the workforce in the state. According to the Census, there were 233,130 people (main and marginal workers) employed in mining Rajasthan produces almost all varieties of minerals found in India. There are 79 minerals present in the state, including metallic minerals such as copper, zinc, lead and silver, and nonmetallic minerals such as limestone, sandstone and lignite. In 2006-07, 58 minerals were produced in the state. 79 Rajasthan has more mining leases than any other state in India—1,324 leases for major minerals, 10,851 for minor minerals and 19,251 quarry licenses for mining stones. 80 There are 207 reporting mines in the state. According to the Ministry of Mines, the value of mineral production in Rajasthan in 2007- 08 was Rs. 49.31 billion, an increase of 6 per cent from the Lignite mining in Barmer district (Photo July 2009) 74. Ibid. 75. http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/State%20Files/raj.htm, uploaded: 28 July 2009. 76. Human Development Report Rajasthan 2008, Prepared for the Government of Rajasthan by the Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. 77. NFHS-3, 2007. 78. Human Development Report Rajasthan 2008, Prepared for the Government of Rajasthan by the Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. 79. Department of Mines and Geology, Rajasthan, http://www.dmg-raj.org/mineral_reserves.aspx, uploaded: 29 July 2009. 80. MLPC, Organising the Unorganised, Bahar Dutt, 2005; Centre for Science and Environment, Rich Lands, Poor People, 2008, pp. 263. 81. Ministry of Mines, Annual Report 2008-09. 82. Analysis by Centre for Science and Environment, Rich Lands, Poor People, 2008, pp. 264. 83. Ibid, pp. 263. 84. Rana Sengupta and Sanjay Chittora, MLPC, The Sad Story of Child Labour in the Mines of Rajasthan. 85. Analysis by Centre for Science and Environment, Rich Lands, Poor People, 2008, 266. 86. P. Madhavan and Dr. Sanjay Raj, Budhpura ‘Ground Zero’ Sandstone quarrying in India, December 2005, pp. 7.
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India’s Childhood in the "Pits" A
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iii Acknowledgements This report, c
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Table of Contents About the Study 3
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4 List of states and districts visi
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6 However, closer observation of th
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8 In addition, almost all work perf
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10 Impacts Children are affected di
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12 is mandatory and this must be
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15 National Overview Mining has imp
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17 Table 1.2: Number of illegal min
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19 Table 1.3: Key indicators in min
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21 migrate to plain areas or are co
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23 had no land to start with and wo
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25 Although there is no data to sho
Page 30 and 31: 27 2,055 children enrolled in Santu
Page 32 and 33: 29 we will eat tomorrow,” said a
Page 34 and 35: 31 GURIA is a dark-eyed little girl
Page 36 and 37: 33 Serious health problems have alr
Page 38 and 39: 35 In several districts of Rajastha
Page 40 and 41: 37 Table 1.4: Total number of child
Page 42 and 43: 39 Bearing in mind that many of the
Page 44 and 45: 41 children are working in mines in
Page 46 and 47: 43 significant problem. A study car
Page 48 and 49: 45 Part II State Reports 1. Karnata
Page 50 and 51: 48 basic healthcare to its populati
Page 52 and 53: 50 Kolar district: Key facts Total
Page 54 and 55: 52 and pursued higher education. Th
Page 56 and 57: 54 has created a peculiar aesthetic
Page 58 and 59: 56 number of children working in th
Page 60 and 61: 58 almost every child is absent for
Page 62 and 63: 60 Table 2.02: Survey on children n
Page 64 and 65: 62 the village were cough, eye infe
Page 66 and 67: 65 Maharashtra State Overview Mahar
Page 68 and 69: 67 154 are in Maharashtra (making i
Page 70 and 71: 69 poverty, (ii) education, (iii) h
Page 72 and 73: 71 Quarry is a very big area spread
Page 74 and 75: 73 family works as a unit and manag
Page 76 and 77: 75 Table 2.06: Class-wise distribut
Page 78 and 79: 77 Children in stone quarries hit b
Page 82 and 83: 82 and quarrying in the state. Of t
Page 84 and 85: 84 Follow up interviews were carrie
Page 86 and 87: 86 At Thumbli village, residents ex
Page 88 and 89: 88 usually not strong enough to car
Page 90 and 91: 90 Inadequate Health Facilities Sev
Page 92 and 93: 92 Many of the Workers in the Mines
Page 94 and 95: 94 that 296,979 children aged betwe
Page 96 and 97: 96 This case study covered two mine
Page 98 and 99: 98 Traditional Forest Dwellers (Rec
Page 100 and 101: 100 in the mine sites ekeing out a
Page 102 and 103: 102 Conclusions Panna, once a rich
Page 104 and 105: 104 Commission, Government of India
Page 106 and 107: 106 The top five most mined distric
Page 108 and 109: 108 There are several other content
Page 110 and 111: 110 Table 2.11: Enrolment of childr
Page 112 and 113: 112 companies for their power plant
Page 114 and 115: 115 Jharkhand State Overview The st
Page 116 and 117: 117 population who live in these fo
Page 118 and 119: 119 around coal, but to also provid
Page 120 and 121: 121 Status of Anganwadi Centres and
Page 122 and 123: 123 due to multiple government duti
Page 124 and 125: 125 Uranium Corporation of India Li
Page 126 and 127: 128 farming and forestry. It is the
Page 128 and 129: 130 attendance at birth, the high p
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132 were displaced for mining proje
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134 the impacts are visibly evident
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136 for construction and other indu
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138 Table 2.17: School enrolment da
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140 village also complained of cont
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142 about the status of children in
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144 exposed to the toxicity from th
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146 for labour elsewhere. The prese
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148 State Excesses and Human Rights
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150 Table 2.25: Information collect
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152 The DP Camp is far away from th
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154 Naik and Mr. Prahlad Naid who a
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156 Social Cost of Displacement As
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158 Table 2.32: Comparative village
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160 Rajabandha also has a low cost
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162 on land to be acquired in some
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165 Andhra Pradesh State Overview T
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167 Mining in Andhra Pradesh Almost
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169 small areas where there are qua
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171 other families also working in
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173 Nature of Quarry Work Tradition
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175 Conclusions The three micro-lev
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Part III Summary and Recommendation
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180 Whose Child is India’s Mining
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182 attention on child labour issue
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184 are not working in the mines.
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186 proposed to be the basis of th
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188 explored, clear design and work
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OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE RIGHT TO IN
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193 Andhra Pradesh areas. Appr
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195 Tamil Nadu Orissa informati
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197 compensation for land and R
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Annexures
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200 Karnataka The tables below give
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202 Drop-out children brought back
Page 200 and 201:
205 Glossary Adivasi: The term used
Page 202 and 203:
207 and educational development. Pa
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Children - Terre des Hommes

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