Children - Terre des Hommes

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65 Maharashtra State Overview Maharashtra, the third largest state in India in terms of area, has a population of 96,878,627 29 (which is 9.4 per cent of India’s total population). This makes the state the second most populated, after Uttar Pradesh. The state has a very large migrant population. Maharashtra is highly urbanised, with 42 per cent of the population residing in urban areas (the national level is around 28 per cent). 30 One of the richer states, with a GSDP for 2007-08 estimated at Rs. 5,910 billion, Maharashtra contributes about 13 per cent to the national income. 31 Agriculture remains Maharashtra’s largest employment sector, with around 55 per cent of the population directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. 32 This is then followed by industry. However, agriculture has not made the state self-sufficient in food grains. Instead, the tilt towards commercial crops has given rise to the agro-processing industry, though mostly limited to sugarcane and, to some extent, cotton and lately fruits and vegetables. 33 This focus on sugarcane in turn has reduced the scope for equity in sharing a precious resource— water for irrigation. Only 14.5 per cent of the net sown area (total crop area) in Maharashtra is irrigated, which renders the agricultural sector vulnerable to droughts. This is evident from the periodic fluctuations in farm output, which in a normal year produces only about 90 per cent of the state’s food grain requirements. 34 As a result, the rural population is subject to a high degree of instability in income and, hence, forced into working as marginal labour and migrating to urban areas, such as Mumbai. According to the Census 2001, 10.2 per cent of Maharashtra’s population constitute SCs and 8.9 per cent are STs (the national averages being 16.2 per cent SCs and 8.2 per cent STs). The vast majority of the SC and ST population live in the rural areas of Maharashtra and are largely dependant on agriculture as their main source of income. The poverty estimates provided by the Planning Commission, Government of India reveal that the poverty ratio in the state is 30.7 per cent, higher than the all-India average of 27.5 per cent. In absolute numbers, the population below the poverty line in Maharashtra stands third amongst major states in the country, after Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. 35 The provision for healthcare in Maharashtra has struggled to keep up with the growth in the state’s population. While the population has been rapidly increasing, the number of hospitals has actually gone down slightly from 1,102 in 2001 to 1,099 in 2007. However, the average life expectancy in Maharashtra is slightly higher than the national average, at 67.9 years as opposed to 65.8 for males and 71.3 years as opposed to 68.1 for females. 36 The number of deaths related to malaria has been on the rise though, from 61 recorded 29. Census of India, 2001. 30. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2008-09. pp. 1. http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/noticeboard/eco_srurvy_2008-09_English.pdf. 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid. 33. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2008-09. 34. Human Development Report Maharashtra (2002), Prepared for the Government of Maharashtra. pp.4. 35. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2008-09. pp. 178. http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/noticeboard/eco_srurvy_2008-09_English.pdf 36. Ibid, pp. 209.
66 deaths in 2004 to 174 deaths in 2007. 37 There were 206 deaths officially recorded due to pulmonary tuberculosis in 2007 in Maharashtra as well, 38 though the actual figure may be much higher. Literacy levels in Maharashtra are relatively higher as well (at 76.88 per cent) as compared to the national average (66 per cent). 39 Within the literacy levels however, there appears to be a serious gender divide—85.97 per cent of the male population were found to be literate, compared to just 67.03 per cent of the female population. There are also wide disparities amongst social groups, with literacy rates substantially lower amongst the ST and SC population. According to a survey conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) on ‘Participation and Expenditure in Education’ during 2007-08, the female literacy rate for STs in rural areas was a mere 47 per cent. Status of Children According to the Census 2001, children (age group 0 to 14 years) constitute 32 per cent of the total population of the state. The child sex ratio in the 0–6 year age group, with 917 girls per 1,000 boys, is lower than the national figure of 927. Maharashtra’s lower than national average sex ratio in the 0–6 population could be due to the strong son preference, female foeticide and neglect of the girl child after birth with consequent higher infant and child mortality. 40 Maharashtra is facing a problem of out-of-school children due to various reasons such as unsuitable school timings, migration of children with their parents, difficulty in enrolling drop-out students in regular schools, etc. 41 According to official figures, there were 70,087 children aged between 6 and 14 years out of school in the state, as of March 2008. 42 However, according to Pratham’s ASER 2008 survey, 1.5 per cent of children in that age group remain out of school, suggesting that the actual figure might be much higher than this. Economic marginalisation is the prime reason behind a rapidly increasing sex-worker population in Maharashtra as well. According to estimates done in 2004 by Mukherjee, in a study supported by Ministry of Women and Child Development, 25 per cent of female prostitutes were under the age of 18. 43 According to the Census 2001, the number of children between 5 and 14 years working as child labour in the state was 392,186 main workers and 371,889 marginal workers. A large number of young girls and children reach India’s trade capital, Mumbai, after being trafficked from some of the most backward—often coinciding with mining—regions in the country. Child health outcomes in Maharashtra have only slightly improved in recent years. According to the the NFHS-3 the IMR fell from 44 in 1998-99 to 38 in 2005-06. The percentage of children below the age of three who are underweight has also decreased from 50 in 1998-99 to 40 in 2005-06. However, the trend in vaccination coverage for children between 12 and 23 months, who received all their vaccines, declined drastically from 78 in 1998-99 to 59 in 2005-06. 44 Mining in Maharashtra About 19 per cent of Maharashtra’s geographical area is potentially mineral-bearing. 45 The principal mineral-bearing belts in the state are Vidarbha area in the east and Konkan area in the west. The state accounts for 4 per cent of the total forest land diverted for mining in the country. 46 There is, however, no data on how much land has been used for illegal mining. According to the Ministry of Mines, the value of mineral production in Maharashtra in 2007-08 was Rs. 51.1 billion, an increase of 16 per cent from the previous year. The state accounted for around 4.7 per cent of India’s mineral production that year. 47 According to statistics released by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, in 2005, the mining sector in Maharashtra employed a daily average of 34,800 37. Compiled from the statistics released by : Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 100, dated 22.11.2006. 38. Ibid. 39. Census of India, 2001. 40. Assessing Vulnerabilities for Trafficking and HIV/AIDS Maharashtra – Draft Report 2005. Shakti Vahini. UNDP Taha Project. Pg. 7. 41. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2008-09. Pg. 159. http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/noticeboard/eco_srurvy_2008-09_English.pdf. 42. Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 576, dated 21.10.2008, State-wise Number of Out of School Children (6-14 years Age) in India(As on 31.03.2008). 43. Assessing Vulnerabilities for Trafficking and HIV/AIDS Maharashtra – Draft Report 2005. Shakti Vahini. UNDP Taha Project. Pg. 23. 44. NFHS-3, 2005-06. 45. Analysis by Centre for Science and Environment, Rich Lands, Poor People, 2008, pp. 201. 46. MLPC, Organising the Unorganised, Bahar Dutt, 2005; Centre for Science and Environment, Rich Lands, Poor People, 2008, pp. 201. 47. Ministry of Mines, Annual Report 2008-09. pp. 21.
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India’s Childhood in the "Pits" A
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iii Acknowledgements This report, c
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Table of Contents About the Study 3
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4 List of states and districts visi
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6 However, closer observation of th
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8 In addition, almost all work perf
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10 Impacts Children are affected di
Page 16 and 17: 12 is mandatory and this must be
Page 18 and 19: 15 National Overview Mining has imp
Page 20 and 21: 17 Table 1.2: Number of illegal min
Page 22 and 23: 19 Table 1.3: Key indicators in min
Page 24 and 25: 21 migrate to plain areas or are co
Page 26 and 27: 23 had no land to start with and wo
Page 28 and 29: 25 Although there is no data to sho
Page 30 and 31: 27 2,055 children enrolled in Santu
Page 32 and 33: 29 we will eat tomorrow,” said a
Page 34 and 35: 31 GURIA is a dark-eyed little girl
Page 36 and 37: 33 Serious health problems have alr
Page 38 and 39: 35 In several districts of Rajastha
Page 40 and 41: 37 Table 1.4: Total number of child
Page 42 and 43: 39 Bearing in mind that many of the
Page 44 and 45: 41 children are working in mines in
Page 46 and 47: 43 significant problem. A study car
Page 48 and 49: 45 Part II State Reports 1. Karnata
Page 50 and 51: 48 basic healthcare to its populati
Page 52 and 53: 50 Kolar district: Key facts Total
Page 54 and 55: 52 and pursued higher education. Th
Page 56 and 57: 54 has created a peculiar aesthetic
Page 58 and 59: 56 number of children working in th
Page 60 and 61: 58 almost every child is absent for
Page 62 and 63: 60 Table 2.02: Survey on children n
Page 64 and 65: 62 the village were cough, eye infe
Page 68 and 69: 67 154 are in Maharashtra (making i
Page 70 and 71: 69 poverty, (ii) education, (iii) h
Page 72 and 73: 71 Quarry is a very big area spread
Page 74 and 75: 73 family works as a unit and manag
Page 76 and 77: 75 Table 2.06: Class-wise distribut
Page 78 and 79: 77 Children in stone quarries hit b
Page 80 and 81: 80 Literacy levels are also poor in
Page 82 and 83: 82 and quarrying in the state. Of t
Page 84 and 85: 84 Follow up interviews were carrie
Page 86 and 87: 86 At Thumbli village, residents ex
Page 88 and 89: 88 usually not strong enough to car
Page 90 and 91: 90 Inadequate Health Facilities Sev
Page 92 and 93: 92 Many of the Workers in the Mines
Page 94 and 95: 94 that 296,979 children aged betwe
Page 96 and 97: 96 This case study covered two mine
Page 98 and 99: 98 Traditional Forest Dwellers (Rec
Page 100 and 101: 100 in the mine sites ekeing out a
Page 102 and 103: 102 Conclusions Panna, once a rich
Page 104 and 105: 104 Commission, Government of India
Page 106 and 107: 106 The top five most mined distric
Page 108 and 109: 108 There are several other content
Page 110 and 111: 110 Table 2.11: Enrolment of childr
Page 112 and 113: 112 companies for their power plant
Page 114 and 115: 115 Jharkhand State Overview The st
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117 population who live in these fo
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119 around coal, but to also provid
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121 Status of Anganwadi Centres and
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123 due to multiple government duti
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125 Uranium Corporation of India Li
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128 farming and forestry. It is the
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130 attendance at birth, the high p
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132 were displaced for mining proje
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134 the impacts are visibly evident
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136 for construction and other indu
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138 Table 2.17: School enrolment da
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140 village also complained of cont
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142 about the status of children in
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144 exposed to the toxicity from th
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146 for labour elsewhere. The prese
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148 State Excesses and Human Rights
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150 Table 2.25: Information collect
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152 The DP Camp is far away from th
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154 Naik and Mr. Prahlad Naid who a
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156 Social Cost of Displacement As
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158 Table 2.32: Comparative village
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160 Rajabandha also has a low cost
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162 on land to be acquired in some
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165 Andhra Pradesh State Overview T
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167 Mining in Andhra Pradesh Almost
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169 small areas where there are qua
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171 other families also working in
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173 Nature of Quarry Work Tradition
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175 Conclusions The three micro-lev
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Part III Summary and Recommendation
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180 Whose Child is India’s Mining
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182 attention on child labour issue
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184 are not working in the mines.
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186 proposed to be the basis of th
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188 explored, clear design and work
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OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE RIGHT TO IN
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193 Andhra Pradesh areas. Appr
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195 Tamil Nadu Orissa informati
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197 compensation for land and R
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Annexures
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200 Karnataka The tables below give
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202 Drop-out children brought back
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205 Glossary Adivasi: The term used
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207 and educational development. Pa
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