Children - Terre des Hommes

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17 Table 1.2: Number of illegal mines detected in India, 2009 State Nos. of cases detected by state governments Action Taken by state sovernments YEAR 2006 2007 2008 2009 Vehicle FIRs Lodged Court cases Fine Up to June seized filed realised 2009 Andhra Pradesh 5385 9216 13478 7332 844 ---- ---- 2112.95 Chhattisgarh 2259 2352 1713 599 ---- ---- 2181 309.16 Gujarat 7435 6593 5492 3720 106 114 8 7085.67 Haryana 504 812 1209 416 103 138 2 133.33 Goa 313 13 159 2 322 ---- 15.68 Gujarat 7435 6593 5492 3720 106 114 8 7085.67 Haryana 504 812 1209 416 103 138 2 133.33 Himachal Pradesh 478 ---- 503 375 ---- ---- 464 21.04 Jharkhand 631 82 225 ---- 5592 202 39 108.41 Karnataka 3027 5180 2997 692 43585 931 771 3630.13 Kerala 1595 2593 2695 802 ---- ---- ---- 532.7 Madhya Pradesh 5050 4581 3895 2542 ---- 05 14831 1057.98 Maharashtra 4919 3868 5828 3285 15212 13 ---- 1129.01 Orissa 284 655 1059 365 1242+ 57 86 2309.36 75 cycles Punjab 218 26 50 48 ---- ---- ---- .96 Rajasthan 2359 2265 2178 1130 368 441 59 413.49 Tamil Nadu 2140 1263 1573 98 18722 133 155 6369.96 Uttarakhand --- ---- 191 683 ---- ---- 38.50 West Bengal 80 426 315 51 3680 897 167 ---- adults leave for work to Bangalore by these trains and return only late in the night. The study team saw packed crowds a majority of these daily commuters. When interviewed, the young girls, who commute by these trains, admitted that they are vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse as the trains are overcrowded, but they brush it aside as unavoidable as they have no other choice but to sustain their families. Some of the women and young girls from the workers’ families turned to prostitution to keep their families from starving. What was more, young boys were getting into criminal activities such as petty thefts and youth were getting hired by political and criminal groups which operate in Bangalore, for violent and criminal activities. However, people of KGF prefer not to have such news highlighted as it only sensationalises KGF without actually addressing their core problems. One of the glaring problems reported by the people themselves is theft. Young boys operate as petty criminals and steal parts of the company infrastructure like metal sheets from mine shafts, machinery and other scrap. (For more details see state report on Karnataka in Part 2)
18 How do the mining districts in India fare in terms of child development? In order to examine the impact of mining on children in India, it is relevant to look at some of the child-related development indicators in the key mining districts across the country. The Table 1.3 brings together some of these statistics for the 15 districts where field research has been carried out during the course of this study, and for an additional nine districts, identified as being amongst the most heavily mined areas of the country. The situation of children will be discussed in more detail for the majority of these districts in the state overview section of the case studies. However, a cursory glance at the table reveals that in many of the districts, mineral wealth is not leading to better development outcomes for children. In the districts more dependent on mining, the majority have a lower than national average literacy rate; more than 10 percent of high rate of child labour. In a national study on under five mortality rates in India, these districts have also ranked close to the bottom (see: Dantewada, Chhattisgarh; Panna, Madhya Pradesh; Koraput and Rayagada, Orissa). In contrast, the districts which have more diversified economies and are less dependent on mining can be seen to have better development outcomes for children across the board, for example, Cuddalore (Tamil Nadu) and Pune (Maharashtra). Who is affected by mining? Mining areas tend to be occupied by the poorest and most marginalised sections of society. Indeed, it is a twisted irony that the poorest people live on the lands richest with natural resources. This is because a vast majority of mining in the country is taking place in tribal areas. Adivasi children lose their constitutional rights under the Fifth Schedule over their lands and forests when their families are displaced from their lands. Despite the passing of the Samatha Judgement in 1997, which is intended to protect the rights of tribal people to their lands, violations continue and over 10 million adivasis have lost their land in India. Across the country, Samatha Judgement The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and of Scheduled Tribes in these areas. It covers tribal areas in ten states of India: Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Sikkim. Essentially, the Schedule was intended to provide a guarantee to adivasi people and protect the lands in the Scheduled Areas from being transferred to persons other than tribal. However, violations of this Schedule in Andhra Pradesh, when lands in the scheduled area of Visakhapatnam district were transferred to Birla Periclase and 17 other mining companies, led the NGO Samatha to initiate a court case in the Supreme Court against the state government for leasing out tribal lands to private mining companies. This led to the historic Samatha Judgement in July 1997, which rendered all leases to mining companies in Scheduled Areas null and void and prohibited the future lease of lands in these areas to non-tribals. Fifth Schedule Areas. 25 The Fifth Schedule covers tribal areas in ten states in India, and it guarantees prevention of transfers in the form of mining leases to private companies. However, violations of this constitutional safeguard are taking place by transfer of lands in the Scheduled Areas to persons other than the Scheduled Tribes, for which control the State is instrumental. It has allowed transfer of land mining companies, either as joint ventures with state bodies holding the majority ownership (as was done with Rio Tinto and Orissa Mineral Development Corporation) or as private joint ventures (as in Utkal Alumina Limited in Kasipur, Orissa) or directly to a private company (as in Vedanta/Sterlite in Lanjigarh, Orissa). By opening up more land for private mining companies, tribal communities are facing forcible displacement. A very conservative estimate indicates that in the last 50 years, approximately 20.13 million people have been displaced in the country owing to big projects, such as mines and dams. Of these, at least 40 per cent are indigenous tribal people. Only one-fourth of these people have been resettled. 25. Samata, Fifth Schedule Areas, http://www.mmpindia.org/Fifth_Schedule.htm, uploaded: 11 December 2009. Shanti Sawaiyan, 26. Forcible Displacement and Land Alienation is Unjust: Most of the Forcibly Displaced in Jharkhand are Adivasis, A paper for the III International Women and Mining Conference, 2004.
Page 2 and 3: India’s Childhood in the "Pits" A
Page 4 and 5: iii Acknowledgements This report, c
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents About the Study 3
Page 8 and 9: 4 List of states and districts visi
Page 10 and 11: 6 However, closer observation of th
Page 12 and 13: 8 In addition, almost all work perf
Page 14 and 15: 10 Impacts Children are affected di
Page 16 and 17: 12 is mandatory and this must be
Page 18 and 19: 15 National Overview Mining has imp
Page 22 and 23: 19 Table 1.3: Key indicators in min
Page 24 and 25: 21 migrate to plain areas or are co
Page 26 and 27: 23 had no land to start with and wo
Page 28 and 29: 25 Although there is no data to sho
Page 30 and 31: 27 2,055 children enrolled in Santu
Page 32 and 33: 29 we will eat tomorrow,” said a
Page 34 and 35: 31 GURIA is a dark-eyed little girl
Page 36 and 37: 33 Serious health problems have alr
Page 38 and 39: 35 In several districts of Rajastha
Page 40 and 41: 37 Table 1.4: Total number of child
Page 42 and 43: 39 Bearing in mind that many of the
Page 44 and 45: 41 children are working in mines in
Page 46 and 47: 43 significant problem. A study car
Page 48 and 49: 45 Part II State Reports 1. Karnata
Page 50 and 51: 48 basic healthcare to its populati
Page 52 and 53: 50 Kolar district: Key facts Total
Page 54 and 55: 52 and pursued higher education. Th
Page 56 and 57: 54 has created a peculiar aesthetic
Page 58 and 59: 56 number of children working in th
Page 60 and 61: 58 almost every child is absent for
Page 62 and 63: 60 Table 2.02: Survey on children n
Page 64 and 65: 62 the village were cough, eye infe
Page 66 and 67: 65 Maharashtra State Overview Mahar
Page 68 and 69: 67 154 are in Maharashtra (making i
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69 poverty, (ii) education, (iii) h
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71 Quarry is a very big area spread
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73 family works as a unit and manag
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75 Table 2.06: Class-wise distribut
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77 Children in stone quarries hit b
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80 Literacy levels are also poor in
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82 and quarrying in the state. Of t
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84 Follow up interviews were carrie
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86 At Thumbli village, residents ex
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88 usually not strong enough to car
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90 Inadequate Health Facilities Sev
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92 Many of the Workers in the Mines
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94 that 296,979 children aged betwe
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96 This case study covered two mine
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98 Traditional Forest Dwellers (Rec
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100 in the mine sites ekeing out a
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102 Conclusions Panna, once a rich
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104 Commission, Government of India
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106 The top five most mined distric
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108 There are several other content
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110 Table 2.11: Enrolment of childr
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112 companies for their power plant
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115 Jharkhand State Overview The st
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117 population who live in these fo
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119 around coal, but to also provid
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121 Status of Anganwadi Centres and
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123 due to multiple government duti
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125 Uranium Corporation of India Li
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128 farming and forestry. It is the
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130 attendance at birth, the high p
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132 were displaced for mining proje
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134 the impacts are visibly evident
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136 for construction and other indu
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138 Table 2.17: School enrolment da
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140 village also complained of cont
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142 about the status of children in
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144 exposed to the toxicity from th
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146 for labour elsewhere. The prese
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148 State Excesses and Human Rights
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150 Table 2.25: Information collect
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152 The DP Camp is far away from th
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154 Naik and Mr. Prahlad Naid who a
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156 Social Cost of Displacement As
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158 Table 2.32: Comparative village
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160 Rajabandha also has a low cost
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162 on land to be acquired in some
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165 Andhra Pradesh State Overview T
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167 Mining in Andhra Pradesh Almost
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169 small areas where there are qua
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171 other families also working in
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173 Nature of Quarry Work Tradition
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175 Conclusions The three micro-lev
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Part III Summary and Recommendation
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180 Whose Child is India’s Mining
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182 attention on child labour issue
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184 are not working in the mines.
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186 proposed to be the basis of th
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188 explored, clear design and work
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OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE RIGHT TO IN
Page 188 and 189:
193 Andhra Pradesh areas. Appr
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195 Tamil Nadu Orissa informati
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197 compensation for land and R
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Annexures
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200 Karnataka The tables below give
Page 198 and 199:
202 Drop-out children brought back
Page 200 and 201:
205 Glossary Adivasi: The term used
Page 202 and 203:
207 and educational development. Pa
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