Children - Terre des Hommes

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130 attendance at birth, the high percentage of low birth rate babies and the lack of professional post-natal care in the state. For deaths of children under five years of age, diarrhoea accounts for 28 per cent, which can be linked to lack of access to safe drinking water, adequate nutrition and essential life-saving medicines, such as oral rehydration salts. 242 Again, the infant and child mortality rates are found to be higher amongst the adivasis. Immunisation coverage is also poorest in the case of the adivasis as compared to the total population. The ICDS, the only national scheme to address the health and nutrition needs of children under 6 years, has made significant progress in Orissa. The NFHS-3 found that Orissa was one of only three states where more than 50 per cent of children aged 0–71 months had received any service in the previous year from an anganwadi centre. 243 Orissa also has the highest percentage (43 per cent) of children receiving health checkups from an anganwadi centre. However, serious challenges remain for the state. There have been several shortcomings with the scheme in Orissa, including an irregular food supply in a number of areas. In 2007, it was revealed that although Orissa has the second highest (after Madhya Pradesh) number of women and children benefitting from the scheme, spending per beneficiary per day is lowest in Orissa, at only Rs. 0.59. 244 A number of factors have led to Orissa becoming vulnerable to trafficking problems. High levels of poverty, frequent natural disasters, chronic food insecurity and a large marginalised population have created the conditions which place people at risk of various forms of exploitation, such as trafficking. SCs, STs, landless labourers, women and children face particular risks in these situations. 245 The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data proves inadequate at analysing the trafficking situation in India, as most cases go unregistered and unreported. In 2007, there were only 41 cases registered under human trafficking in the state. 246 However, NGOs working in Orissa have reported a significant child trafficking problem in the state. 247 At least 26 out of the 30 districts are considered to be affected by trafficking. It is also often difficult to differentiate between trafficking and wilful migration, as there are a considerable number of children migrating, with or without their families, in search of work. 248 Girls are taken from Orissa to other states, such as Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab, for coerced marriages. Women and girls are also trafficked for domestic work and other forms of labour, as well as prostitution. 249 Early marriage continues to be a problem in the state. In Orissa, almost 30 per cent of girls get married before 18 years of age and there is a high degree of inter-state variation. In the backward districts, such as Koraput, Kalahandi and Balangir, more than 50 per cent of girls are married before the age of 18. 250 However, in the coastal districts, such as Puri and Jajpur, less than 15 per cent of girls are married before the age of 18. Iron ore being loaded in Joda-Barbil area, Keonjhar (Photo July 2009) Mining in Orissa Orissa is very rich in minerals, and is currently the leading producer of chromite, graphite, bauxite, manganese ore, iron ore, sillimanite, quartzite, pyroxite and dolomite in India. In terms of value, Orissa’s mineral production is the second highest in the country, accounting for 12 per cent of the country’s production. In 2007-08, Orissa’s mineral production was valued at Rs. 129.87 billion, a huge increase of 29 per 242. Government of Orissa, Human Development Report, 2004. 243. NFHS-3, 2007. 244. Seventh Report of the Commissioners of the Supreme Court, November 2007. 245. Shakti Vahini, UNDP TAHA project, Trafficking and HIV Orissa, 2005. 246. NCRB, Crimes in India, Chapter 6, 2007. 247. Save the Children India, Child Trafficking, http://www.savethechildren.in/india/key_sectors/child_trafficking.html, uploaded: 7 September 2009. 248. Shakti Vahini, UNDP TAHA project, Trafficking and HIV Orissa, 2005. 249. Ibid. 250. Government of Orissa, Human Development Report, 2004.
131 cent from the previous year. 251 The most important minerals in the state are coal, bauxite, chromite, iron ore, manganese ore, limestone and dolomite. Together they constitute 99.2 per cent of the state’s total mineral production. In 2007-08, there were 227 reporting mines in the state. The total mine lease area covers 721,323 ha of land. This includes over 16,795 ha of forestland which has been officially diverted for mining. 252 NALCO conveyor belt (Photo by Samata) The major source of bauxite in Orissa is found in Koraput district, which produces 98.82 per cent of the state’s total bauxite production. The remaining 1.18 per cent of bauxite is found in Sundergarh district. 253 Fifty per cent of the state’s adivasis lives in these two districts. Damanjodi is a small town in Koraput district. The vast majority of the population of Damanjodi are employees of the National Aluminium Company (NALCO), a public sector enterprise of the Government of India, which is the world’s seventh largest producer of aluminium. NALCO operates Asia’s largest aluminium complex, which comprises bauxite mines, alumina refining operations, smelting plants and power generation. The NALCO mines have bauxite reserves expected to last for 120 years. Despite this, Koraput is still classified as a ‘backward district’ by the government and 83.8 per cent of the population here live below the poverty line. 254 With the inception of the New Economic Policy, the Government of Orissa has begun inviting both national and multinational companies to extract mineral resources in the state. The number of companies who have signed Memorandum of Understandings to set up steel plants in the state has increased to 50, including the South Korean multinational Pohan Iron and Steel Company (POSCO), which has agreed to construct a Rs. 580 billion steel plant near Paradip port. This will be the largest FDI in India’s history. 255 However, the local population in these areas, who are mostly SCs and STs, are resisting these projects, fearing displacement and a loss of livelihoods. 256 Orissa is an example of how every possible corporate crime and human rights violation happen when mining is involved and how a state’s doom is led by the havoc created by such large-scale mining. The region of Lanjigarh, in Kalahandi district, has come under severe pressure from mining development in recent years and is now the site of one of India’s most high profile mining struggles. In 2003, an agreement was signed between the Government of Orissa and the British Vedanta Group to establish a bauxite mine and alumina refinery in the Niyamgiri hills. However, the project has come under intense scrutiny and opposition from local communities, NGOs and environmental activists. Lanjigarh is the home of the Dongria Kondh tribe, with a population of 7,752. The community is objecting to the refinery project, which will displace them from their indigenous habitat and destroy their traditional forms of livelihood. That the government has entertained mining in Lanjigarh even while the existing adivasi struggles in neighbouring Kasipur of Koraput districts where the Utkal Alumina International Limited (UAIL) project has been facing fierce opposition on similar grounds and was also witness to police firing and death of adivasis speaks of the brutal disregard to people’s voices of dissent. Displacement for mining activities is a major problem in Orissa. There are no up-to-date figures to reveal the number of people who have been displaced in the state for mining. However, between 1951 and 1995, around 100,000 people 251. Ministry of Mines, Annual Report 2008-09. 252. Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 234, dated 20.10.2008, Selected State-wise Forest Land Diverted for Mining by Ministry of Environment and Forests in India (25.10.1980 to 30.09.2008). 253. Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Orissa, Orissa Review, November 2007. 254. Census of India 2001 255. Domain-b.com, Orissa steel project back on track, says POSCO, 27 August 2009, http://www.domain-b.com/companies/companies_p/posco/20090827_steel_ project.html, uploaded: 10 September 2009. 256. Prajna Paramita Mishra, Second Colonialisation: Mining Induced Displacement in Orissa, Research Scholar, CESS, Hyderabad.
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India’s Childhood in the "Pits" A
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iii Acknowledgements This report, c
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Table of Contents About the Study 3
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4 List of states and districts visi
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6 However, closer observation of th
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8 In addition, almost all work perf
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10 Impacts Children are affected di
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12 is mandatory and this must be
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15 National Overview Mining has imp
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17 Table 1.2: Number of illegal min
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19 Table 1.3: Key indicators in min
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21 migrate to plain areas or are co
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23 had no land to start with and wo
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25 Although there is no data to sho
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27 2,055 children enrolled in Santu
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29 we will eat tomorrow,” said a
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31 GURIA is a dark-eyed little girl
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33 Serious health problems have alr
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35 In several districts of Rajastha
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37 Table 1.4: Total number of child
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39 Bearing in mind that many of the
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41 children are working in mines in
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43 significant problem. A study car
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45 Part II State Reports 1. Karnata
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48 basic healthcare to its populati
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50 Kolar district: Key facts Total
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52 and pursued higher education. Th
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54 has created a peculiar aesthetic
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56 number of children working in th
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58 almost every child is absent for
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60 Table 2.02: Survey on children n
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62 the village were cough, eye infe
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65 Maharashtra State Overview Mahar
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67 154 are in Maharashtra (making i
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69 poverty, (ii) education, (iii) h
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71 Quarry is a very big area spread
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73 family works as a unit and manag
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75 Table 2.06: Class-wise distribut
Page 78 and 79: 77 Children in stone quarries hit b
Page 80 and 81: 80 Literacy levels are also poor in
Page 82 and 83: 82 and quarrying in the state. Of t
Page 84 and 85: 84 Follow up interviews were carrie
Page 86 and 87: 86 At Thumbli village, residents ex
Page 88 and 89: 88 usually not strong enough to car
Page 90 and 91: 90 Inadequate Health Facilities Sev
Page 92 and 93: 92 Many of the Workers in the Mines
Page 94 and 95: 94 that 296,979 children aged betwe
Page 96 and 97: 96 This case study covered two mine
Page 98 and 99: 98 Traditional Forest Dwellers (Rec
Page 100 and 101: 100 in the mine sites ekeing out a
Page 102 and 103: 102 Conclusions Panna, once a rich
Page 104 and 105: 104 Commission, Government of India
Page 106 and 107: 106 The top five most mined distric
Page 108 and 109: 108 There are several other content
Page 110 and 111: 110 Table 2.11: Enrolment of childr
Page 112 and 113: 112 companies for their power plant
Page 114 and 115: 115 Jharkhand State Overview The st
Page 116 and 117: 117 population who live in these fo
Page 118 and 119: 119 around coal, but to also provid
Page 120 and 121: 121 Status of Anganwadi Centres and
Page 122 and 123: 123 due to multiple government duti
Page 124 and 125: 125 Uranium Corporation of India Li
Page 126 and 127: 128 farming and forestry. It is the
Page 130 and 131: 132 were displaced for mining proje
Page 132 and 133: 134 the impacts are visibly evident
Page 134 and 135: 136 for construction and other indu
Page 136 and 137: 138 Table 2.17: School enrolment da
Page 138 and 139: 140 village also complained of cont
Page 140 and 141: 142 about the status of children in
Page 142 and 143: 144 exposed to the toxicity from th
Page 144 and 145: 146 for labour elsewhere. The prese
Page 146 and 147: 148 State Excesses and Human Rights
Page 148 and 149: 150 Table 2.25: Information collect
Page 150 and 151: 152 The DP Camp is far away from th
Page 152 and 153: 154 Naik and Mr. Prahlad Naid who a
Page 154 and 155: 156 Social Cost of Displacement As
Page 156 and 157: 158 Table 2.32: Comparative village
Page 158 and 159: 160 Rajabandha also has a low cost
Page 160 and 161: 162 on land to be acquired in some
Page 162 and 163: 165 Andhra Pradesh State Overview T
Page 164 and 165: 167 Mining in Andhra Pradesh Almost
Page 166 and 167: 169 small areas where there are qua
Page 168 and 169: 171 other families also working in
Page 170 and 171: 173 Nature of Quarry Work Tradition
Page 172 and 173: 175 Conclusions The three micro-lev
Page 174 and 175: Part III Summary and Recommendation
Page 176 and 177: 180 Whose Child is India’s Mining
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182 attention on child labour issue
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184 are not working in the mines.
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186 proposed to be the basis of th
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188 explored, clear design and work
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OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE RIGHT TO IN
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193 Andhra Pradesh areas. Appr
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195 Tamil Nadu Orissa informati
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197 compensation for land and R
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Annexures
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200 Karnataka The tables below give
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202 Drop-out children brought back
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205 Glossary Adivasi: The term used
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207 and educational development. Pa
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Children - Terre des Hommes

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