Children - Terre des Hommes
Children - Terre des Hommes
Children - Terre des Hommes
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130<br />
attendance at birth, the high percentage of low birth rate babies<br />
and the lack of professional post-natal care in the state. For<br />
deaths of children under five years of age, diarrhoea accounts<br />
for 28 per cent, which can be linked to lack of access to safe<br />
drinking water, adequate nutrition and essential life-saving<br />
medicines, such as oral rehydration salts. 242 Again, the infant<br />
and child mortality rates are found to be higher amongst the<br />
adivasis. Immunisation coverage is also poorest in the case of<br />
the adivasis as compared to the total population.<br />
The ICDS, the only national scheme to address the health and<br />
nutrition needs of children under 6 years, has made significant<br />
progress in Orissa. The NFHS-3 found that Orissa was one<br />
of only three states where more than 50 per cent of children<br />
aged 0–71 months had received any service in the previous<br />
year from an anganwadi centre. 243 Orissa also has the highest<br />
percentage (43 per cent) of children receiving health checkups<br />
from an anganwadi centre. However, serious challenges<br />
remain for the state. There have been several shortcomings<br />
with the scheme in Orissa, including an irregular food supply<br />
in a number of areas. In 2007, it was revealed that although<br />
Orissa has the second highest (after Madhya Pra<strong>des</strong>h)<br />
number of women and children benefitting from the scheme,<br />
spending per beneficiary per day is lowest in Orissa, at only<br />
Rs. 0.59. 244<br />
A number of factors have led to Orissa becoming vulnerable to<br />
trafficking problems. High levels of poverty, frequent natural<br />
disasters, chronic food insecurity and a large marginalised<br />
population have created the conditions which place people at<br />
risk of various forms of exploitation, such as trafficking. SCs,<br />
STs, landless labourers, women and children face particular<br />
risks in these situations. 245 The National Crime Records<br />
Bureau (NCRB) data proves inadequate at analysing the<br />
trafficking situation in India, as most cases go unregistered<br />
and unreported. In 2007, there were only 41 cases registered<br />
under human trafficking in the state. 246 However, NGOs<br />
working in Orissa have reported a significant child trafficking<br />
problem in the state. 247 At least 26 out of the 30 districts are<br />
considered to be affected by trafficking. It is also often difficult<br />
to differentiate between trafficking and wilful migration, as<br />
there are a considerable number of children migrating, with<br />
or without their families, in search of work. 248 Girls are taken<br />
from Orissa to other states, such as Uttar Pra<strong>des</strong>h, Haryana<br />
and Punjab, for coerced marriages. Women and girls are also<br />
trafficked for domestic work and other forms of labour, as<br />
well as prostitution. 249<br />
Early marriage continues to be a problem in the state. In<br />
Orissa, almost 30 per cent of girls get married before 18 years<br />
of age and there is a high degree of inter-state variation. In the<br />
backward districts, such as Koraput, Kalahandi and Balangir,<br />
more than 50 per cent of girls are married before the age of<br />
18. 250 However, in the coastal districts, such as Puri and Jajpur,<br />
less than 15 per cent of girls are married before the age of 18.<br />
Iron ore being loaded in Joda-Barbil area, Keonjhar (Photo July 2009)<br />
Mining in Orissa<br />
Orissa is very rich in minerals, and is currently the leading<br />
producer of chromite, graphite, bauxite, manganese ore, iron<br />
ore, sillimanite, quartzite, pyroxite and dolomite in India.<br />
In terms of value, Orissa’s mineral production is the second<br />
highest in the country, accounting for 12 per cent of the<br />
country’s production. In 2007-08, Orissa’s mineral production<br />
was valued at Rs. 129.87 billion, a huge increase of 29 per<br />
242. Government of Orissa, Human Development Report, 2004.<br />
243. NFHS-3, 2007.<br />
244. Seventh Report of the Commissioners of the Supreme Court, November 2007.<br />
245. Shakti Vahini, UNDP TAHA project, Trafficking and HIV Orissa, 2005.<br />
246. NCRB, Crimes in India, Chapter 6, 2007.<br />
247. Save the <strong>Children</strong> India, Child Trafficking, http://www.savethechildren.in/india/key_sectors/child_trafficking.html, uploaded: 7 September 2009.<br />
248. Shakti Vahini, UNDP TAHA project, Trafficking and HIV Orissa, 2005.<br />
249. Ibid.<br />
250. Government of Orissa, Human Development Report, 2004.