Children - Terre des Hommes

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128 farming and forestry. It is the adivasi population which is bearing the brunt of the drive for industrial development, particularly mining. With the erosion of customary rights and access to forest resources, their food security has been adversely affected. This is leading to increased migration, loss of traditional occupations and dismantling of social institutions and culture. 224 Displacement figures from various sources give an idea of the extent of the problem. Moreover different sources give different figures. Up to the year 2000 the total number of displaced families is given as 133,500. 225 More recent figures give the total number of affected villages as 2,170 from several displacement projects including mining. 226 Another source quotes those affected by development projects in the state in the last decade to be 2 million of which half a million were physically displaced. Statistical figures indicate that dams/irrigation projects have contributed to 70 per cent of displacement, industrial projects 12 per cent, mining 3.37 per cent, and wildlife sanctuaries, thermal and urban development projects the remaining. On the whole over 1.4 million people, mainly adivasis, have been displaced by developmental projects in Orissa alone. 227 Orissa has a HDI ranking of 0.579, which is lower than the national average. 228 Within Orissa, there are wide variations amongst districts in terms of human development indicators. The districts with the lowest HDI rankings are located in the south and southwest part of the state, where there are the highest concentrations of adivasis. The incidence of poverty among the SC and ST populations in these parts of the state is extremely high. The literacy status amongst the SC and ST population is also very worrying. While 63.09 per cent of the overall population in the state is literate, only 40.33 per cent of SC women are literate, and only 23.37 per cent of ST women are literate (the average for STs is 37.37 per cent). 229 This in itself speaks volumes in terms of access to education and opportunities to participate in the state’s newfound industrial ‘success’. The situation in terms of health is also a major concern in the state. Although life expectancy in the state is close to the national average (58.9 years), there are wide rural and urban disparities, with the rural life expectancy being 58.3 years, compared to 66 years in the urban areas. It is estimated that nearly half or 48 per cent of women in Orissa suffer from nutritional deficiency. The numbers are much higher in terms of illiterate women (54.6 per cent) and ST women (55.5 per cent). 230 Malaria is a serious problem in Orissa, with the state contributing to 23 per cent of malaria cases and 50 per cent of malarial deaths in the country. 231 The illness is particularly endemic amongst the ST population in districts such as Koraput located in the south of the state. Malnourished mother with malnourished child-mining affected in Damanjodi (Photo January 2010) Status of <strong>Children</strong> The number of children in Orissa (age group 0–14 years) in 2001 was 12,207,872 and 19 years and under was 15,739,256, meaning that children comprise around 40 per cent of the state’s total population. 232 Around 86 per cent of these children live in rural areas. The official number of out-of-school children 224. Government of Orissa, Human Development Report, 2004. 225. An overview of development projects, displacement and rehabilitation in Orissa. Presentation made by Prof. A.B. Ota, Director Tribal Research Institute, 17 July 2009. URL: http://www.teamorissa.org/Convention_%20Presentations_%20Sessionwise/Session-5/Session5-2%20development%20Project%20 SWOSTI%20PLAZA.Ota.pdf 226. http://chittabehera.com/Rehabilitation/Orissa%20Displaced%20Study/Orissa%20Mining%20Ch-3.pdf 227. http://joharadivasi.org/industrialization-and-development-discontentment-among-tribals-in-orissa-dr-rajat-kumar-kujur/ 228. Ibid. 229. Census of India, 2001. 230. Government of Orissa, Human Development Report, 2004. 231. Dr. N. R. Ray, Major Health Problems of Orissa, 24 March 2009, http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/major-health-problems-oforissa-831947.html, uploaded: 5 September 2009. 232. Census of India, 2001.
129 aged between 6 and 14 years in the state was 350,703 (class I–V) in 2007. 233 According to Pratham’s ASER 2008 survey, 7.2 per cent of children aged between 6 and 14 years are out of school in Orissa. 234 Although there has been improvements in terms of enrolments in the state, the number of drop outs in Orissa is still very high, indicating that there are serious problems in terms of the efficiency of the education system. The rate of drop-out is 34.7 per cent at the primary level and 59 per cent at the upper primary level. 235 This rate of drop-out is higher amongst girls, SCs and STs. Lack of access to schooling is still a significant problem in the adivasi areas—the majority of habitations without a school are those with a predominantly ST population. 236 Table 2.14 provi<strong>des</strong> information on ST literacy, drop-out and out-ofschool numbers for districts in Orissa that were a part of the study sites. occupations in the state, revealing that 21.4 per cent of all children in hazardous occupations in India can be found in Orissa. 238 This is likely to be much lower than the actual figure particularly as the list of hazardous occupations has been expanded significantly since 1999. The NCLP is currently operating in 18 out of Orissa’s 30 districts. In 2006-07, 1,781 children were rehabilitated through the scheme and up to May 2007, a total of 72,653 children had been rescued from work and enrolled in the NCLP schools. 239 The state continues to face many challenges in terms of child health. According to the most recent NFHS-3, published in 2007, 44 per cent of children under 3 years are underweight in Orissa. 240 The extent of anaemia among children aged 6–35 months is also very high and around 72.3 per cent of children were found to have some degree of anaemia. The IMR and under five mortality rate are also significantly higher than Table 2.14: ST children drop-out in Keonjhor, Sundergarh and Rayagada districts District Popula- Area Population and Drop-out rate Out-of-school tion in sq literacy rate children betmillions km ween 6-14 years % of ST % of % of Total % of ST Total % of ST Total % of No of popula- literacy literacy drop- drop- drop- drop- children ST out outtion (all) ST out in out in out in out in out-of- -of- ofprimary primary upper upper school school school primary primary children Keonjhor 15.16 8303 44.50 59.24 40.30 16.76 27.95 20.21 31.31 13.51 13.75 19,645 Sundergarh 18.29 9712 53.40 64.86 52.75 18.95 28.58 23.22 31.29 7.10 7.59 13,293 Rayagada 8.32 7073 52.82 36.15 20.23 5.96 15.01 18.60 36.29 23.76 27.26 22,771 State total 366.91 155707 22.13 63.08 37.37 10.53 22.88 18.05 32.44 8.67 12.93 Out-of-school children Koraput district-25,540 Source: “Multilingual education and other initiatives in Orissa” presented by Sri NB Dhal, IAS, State Project Director And Dr M.K. Mishra, State Coordinator SC/ST and Minority Education, Orissa Primary Education Programme Authority, Bhubaneswar According to the Census, there are 377,594 child labourers in the state (14 years and under). 237 Official statistics show that in 1999, there were 23,761 children employed in hazardous the national average—respectively 64.7 (per 1,000 births) and 90.6, as compared to 57 and 74.3. 241 These figures are attributed to several factors, including the poor professional 233. Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 576, dated 21.10.2008. 234. Pratham ASER 2008 survey 235. Government of Orissa, Human Development Report, 2004. 236. Ibid. 237. Census of India, 2001. 238. Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2691, dated 9.8.2000. 239. Data accessed on indiastat.com; Compiled from the statistics released by: Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 3759, 09.05.2007, Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 994, 20.08.2007 and Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2415, 03.12.2007. 240. NFHS-3, 2007. 241. Ibid
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India’s Childhood in the "Pits" A
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iii Acknowledgements This report, c
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Table of Contents About the Study 3
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4 List of states and districts visi
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6 However, closer observation of th
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8 In addition, almost all work perf
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10 Impacts Children are affected di
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12 is mandatory and this must be
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15 National Overview Mining has imp
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17 Table 1.2: Number of illegal min
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19 Table 1.3: Key indicators in min
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21 migrate to plain areas or are co
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23 had no land to start with and wo
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25 Although there is no data to sho
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27 2,055 children enrolled in Santu
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29 we will eat tomorrow,” said a
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31 GURIA is a dark-eyed little girl
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33 Serious health problems have alr
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35 In several districts of Rajastha
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37 Table 1.4: Total number of child
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39 Bearing in mind that many of the
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41 children are working in mines in
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43 significant problem. A study car
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45 Part II State Reports 1. Karnata
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48 basic healthcare to its populati
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50 Kolar district: Key facts Total
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52 and pursued higher education. Th
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54 has created a peculiar aesthetic
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56 number of children working in th
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58 almost every child is absent for
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60 Table 2.02: Survey on children n
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62 the village were cough, eye infe
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65 Maharashtra State Overview Mahar
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67 154 are in Maharashtra (making i
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69 poverty, (ii) education, (iii) h
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71 Quarry is a very big area spread
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73 family works as a unit and manag
Page 76 and 77: 75 Table 2.06: Class-wise distribut
Page 78 and 79: 77 Children in stone quarries hit b
Page 80 and 81: 80 Literacy levels are also poor in
Page 82 and 83: 82 and quarrying in the state. Of t
Page 84 and 85: 84 Follow up interviews were carrie
Page 86 and 87: 86 At Thumbli village, residents ex
Page 88 and 89: 88 usually not strong enough to car
Page 90 and 91: 90 Inadequate Health Facilities Sev
Page 92 and 93: 92 Many of the Workers in the Mines
Page 94 and 95: 94 that 296,979 children aged betwe
Page 96 and 97: 96 This case study covered two mine
Page 98 and 99: 98 Traditional Forest Dwellers (Rec
Page 100 and 101: 100 in the mine sites ekeing out a
Page 102 and 103: 102 Conclusions Panna, once a rich
Page 104 and 105: 104 Commission, Government of India
Page 106 and 107: 106 The top five most mined distric
Page 108 and 109: 108 There are several other content
Page 110 and 111: 110 Table 2.11: Enrolment of childr
Page 112 and 113: 112 companies for their power plant
Page 114 and 115: 115 Jharkhand State Overview The st
Page 116 and 117: 117 population who live in these fo
Page 118 and 119: 119 around coal, but to also provid
Page 120 and 121: 121 Status of Anganwadi Centres and
Page 122 and 123: 123 due to multiple government duti
Page 124 and 125: 125 Uranium Corporation of India Li
Page 128 and 129: 130 attendance at birth, the high p
Page 130 and 131: 132 were displaced for mining proje
Page 132 and 133: 134 the impacts are visibly evident
Page 134 and 135: 136 for construction and other indu
Page 136 and 137: 138 Table 2.17: School enrolment da
Page 138 and 139: 140 village also complained of cont
Page 140 and 141: 142 about the status of children in
Page 142 and 143: 144 exposed to the toxicity from th
Page 144 and 145: 146 for labour elsewhere. The prese
Page 146 and 147: 148 State Excesses and Human Rights
Page 148 and 149: 150 Table 2.25: Information collect
Page 150 and 151: 152 The DP Camp is far away from th
Page 152 and 153: 154 Naik and Mr. Prahlad Naid who a
Page 154 and 155: 156 Social Cost of Displacement As
Page 156 and 157: 158 Table 2.32: Comparative village
Page 158 and 159: 160 Rajabandha also has a low cost
Page 160 and 161: 162 on land to be acquired in some
Page 162 and 163: 165 Andhra Pradesh State Overview T
Page 164 and 165: 167 Mining in Andhra Pradesh Almost
Page 166 and 167: 169 small areas where there are qua
Page 168 and 169: 171 other families also working in
Page 170 and 171: 173 Nature of Quarry Work Tradition
Page 172 and 173: 175 Conclusions The three micro-lev
Page 174 and 175: Part III Summary and Recommendation
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180 Whose Child is India’s Mining
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182 attention on child labour issue
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184 are not working in the mines.
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186 proposed to be the basis of th
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188 explored, clear design and work
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OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE RIGHT TO IN
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193 Andhra Pradesh areas. Appr
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195 Tamil Nadu Orissa informati
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197 compensation for land and R
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Annexures
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200 Karnataka The tables below give
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202 Drop-out children brought back
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205 Glossary Adivasi: The term used
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207 and educational development. Pa
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