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104 Commission, Government of India, reveal that the poverty ratio in the state is 40.9 per cent, significantly higher than that of all India (27.5 per cent). In absolute numbers, the population below poverty line in Chhattisgarh ranks third amongst the major states in the country, after Orissa (46.4 per cent) and Bihar (41.4 per cent). 165 With only 18.7 per cent of households having access to proper sanitation facilities, Chhattisgarh is ranked the lowest among the major states in India. 166 The literacy level in Chhattisgarh, at 65.1 per cent, is slightly lower than the national average of 66 per cent. 167 Within the literacy levels, there seems to be quite an extensive gender divide—77.9 per cent of the male population were found to be literate, compared to just 52.3 per cent of the female population. However, the female literacy rate for SCs (at 49.2 percent) and STs (at 39.4 per cent) is even lower. 168 Another challenge for Chhattisgarh is the public health sector. As per the Chhatisgarh Human Development Report 2005, health infrastructure in the state needs a considerable upgrade, both in terms of coverage and reach as well as in quality of services provided. The demand for more PHCs as well as sub-health centres (SHCs) and CHCs is mentioned in nearly every district report. 169 According to the NFHS-3 data, the reason a majority of the households did not access government facilities was not necessarily due to poor quality of care, but because there were no such facilities nearby. 170 The state has a high incidence of TB, malaria, leprosy and jaundice. There is only one TB hospital in Raipur district and two leprosy hospitals in Raipur and Dakshin Bastar, Dantewada district. 171 Many district reports in the state speak of poor levels of nutrition, and managing two square meals is an issue for most people. In the village and district reports, people repeatedly say that not having enough to eat is one of the most important issues for them and that the lack of adequate food is one of the biggest causes of ill-health. 172 Status of Children According to the Census 2001, children (age group of 0–14 years) constitute 37 per cent of the total population of the state. However, Chhattisgarh’s number of live births registered (at 384,815) 173 is amongst the lowest of the major states in India. The child sex ratio in the 0–6 age group, with 975 girls per 1,000 boys is not only higher than the national average of 927, but the highest amongst India’s states. 174 However, this sex ratio has actually gone down from that of 1991 (985), with more boys being registered at birth than girls. The NFHS-3 estimates the IMR in Chhattisgarh as 70.8 per 1,000 live births and the under five mortality rate as 90.3 per 1,000 (down from 80.9 per 1,000 live births and 122.7 per 1,000 live births respectively in 1998-99). The state does have the highest level of perinatal mortality (64) and its vaccination percentage of 48.7 is only slightly higher than the national level. 175 Proper vaccination coverage is crucial to reducing infant and child mortality. Malnutrition for children under 3 years of age remains high in Chhattisgarh, at 52.2 per cent (ranking the state fourth among the major states in India). 176 Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) is a major problem amongst younger children (below 5 years) in the state, followed by diarrhoea. The percentage of children with ARI symptoms who actually received antibiotics was the lowest in Chhattisgarh (1 per cent). 177 As per the NFHS-3, the percentage of children in Chhattisgarh who are offered more liquids once diagnosed with diarrhoea (at 3.2 per cent) is also amongst the lowest of India’s states, well below the national average of 10.5 per cent. Majority of these children are given the same amount of fluids as they were before diagnosis. This coupled with ARI and fever, results in high mortality among children. Diseases such as smallpox, polio and plague are also mentioned as illnesses that took a heavy toll of life in the past, but the incidence of such diseases has declined substantially today. 178 165 Economic Survey of India 2008-09. Pp. 263. 166 Ibid. 167 Census of India, 2001. 168 Data accessed on indiastat.com. Source: Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 4090, dated 20.12.2005. 169 Chhattisgarh Human Development Report 2005, Prepared for the Government of Chhattisgarh. Pp. 131. 170 NFHS-3 3, 2005-06. Pp. 438. 171 Chhattisgarh Human Development Report 2005, Prepared for the Government of Chhattisgarh. Pp. 129. 172 Chhattisgarh Human Development Report 2005, Prepared for the Government of Chhattisgarh. Pp. 126. 173 Data accessed on indiastat.com. State-wise Number of Live Births Registered by Sex and Residence in India-2005. Source: Office of the Registrar General, India. 174 Census of India, 2001. 175 NFHS-3, 2005-06. 176 Economic Survey of India 2008-09. Pg. 263. 177 NFHS-3, 2005-06. Pp. 236. 178 Chhattisgarh Human Development Report 2005, Prepared for the Government of Chhattisgarh. Pp. 123.
105 It is hard to gauge the state’s performance in terms of providing education for its children. The total enrolment for primary education in 2001-02 was 723,180 children, of which 323,500 or 44.7 per cent were girls. In 2002-03, enrolment increased to 820,234 of which 385,315 or 47 per cent were girls. 179 The increase in the enrolment of girls has been higher than the enrolment for boys. However, despite encouraging statistics like the above Chhattisgarh’s Educational Development Index 180 of 0.521 ranks it amongst the lowest of India’s states. Conflict with the Maoists (extremist groups also known as Naxals) has also severely impacted the education of displaced children as well. According to a Human Right’s Watch report, a survey conducted by a local NGO indicates that around 40 per cent of the children between ages six and 16 residing in camps are not attending school. 181 According to the government, there were 169,753 children officially out of school in March 2008. 182 According to the Census 2001, 364,572 child labourers work in various sectors in Chhattisgarh. According to the state government’s official website, there are 20,723 child labourers in non-agricultural enterprises in the state (13,836 boys and 6,987 girls) 183 The children of Chhattisgarh face an added complication: Residing in a conflict area, as per the Human Rights Watch, all parties to the conflict—the Maoists, statesupported anti-Maoist vigilante groups (known as Salwa Judum) and government security forces—have recruited children in different capacities that expose them to the risk of injury and death. 184 Mining in Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh is one of the richest states in India in terms of mineral wealth, producing 28 major minerals. According to the Ministry of Mines the value of mineral production in Chhattisgarh increased by 17.5 per cent at Rs.105.1 billion in 2007-08 from the previous year. This has allowed the state Coal mining area, Raigarh (Photo November 2009) to be ranked second in total value of mineral production in India, after Andhra Pradesh. 185 The important minerals produced in the state in 2007-08 were coal, bauxite, iron ore, dolomite and limestone, which together accounted for about 99 per cent of the entire value of mineral production in the state. 186 Chhattisgarh is the sole producer of tin concentrates in India, accounting for 38 per cent of tin ore resources for the country. The state is the second leading producer of coal and dolomite and iron ore, with a share of 20 per cent, 23 per cent and 15 per cent respectively. Over one-fifth of iron ore in the country is mined here and one of the best quality iron ore deposits in the world is found in the Bailadila mines in the south of the state, from where it is exported to Japan and other countries. 187 The state also accounts for about 28 per cent diamond resources of India. 188 According to statistics released by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, in 2005, the mining sector in Chhattisgarh employed a daily average of 46,200 workers (similar to those employed in 2004). 189 Whether the labour employed in mines is entirely local or not is not well known, although indications are that there is substantial migrant labour from outside the state. 190 179 Chhattisgarh Human Development Report 2005, Prepared for the Government of Chhattisgarh. Pp. 91. 180 Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. Annual Report 2007-08. Pp. 53-54. Developed by the National University of Educational Planning and Administration to track the progress of the States towards Universal Elementary Education the EDI was developed keeping in mind four broad parameters of access, infrastructure, teacher-related indicators and outcomes. 181 Human Rights Watch. “Dangerous Duty: Children and the Chhattisgarh Conflict”. September 2008. Pp. 50. 182 State-wise number of out of school children in India, as on 31 March 2008, Source : Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 576, dated 21.10.2008. 183 Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Chhattisgarh, Chhattisgarh At a Glance-2002, Pg 22, http://chhattisgarh.nic.in/statistics/details.pdf, accessed on 14 December 2009. 184 Human Rights Watch. “Dangerous Duty: Children and the Chhattisgarh Conflict”. September 2008. Pp. 4. 185 Ministry of Mines, Annual Report 2008-09. Pp. 10. 186 Ministry of Mines, Annual Report 2008-09. Pp. 16. 187 Chhattisgarh- September 2009, Prepared by India Brand Equity Foundation, Pp. 33 http://www.ibef.org/states/chhattisgarh.aspx, Accessed on December 14, 2009. 188 Ibid. 189 Data accessed on indiastat.com; compiled from statistics released by the Ministry for Labour and Employment, Government of India. Selected State-wise Average Daily Employment and Number of Reporting Mines in India. (2002 to 2005). 190 Chhattisgarh Human Development Report 2005, Prepared for the Government of Chhattisgarh. Pp. 58.
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India’s Childhood in the "Pits" A
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iii Acknowledgements This report, c
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Table of Contents About the Study 3
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4 List of states and districts visi
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6 However, closer observation of th
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8 In addition, almost all work perf
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10 Impacts Children are affected di
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12 is mandatory and this must be
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15 National Overview Mining has imp
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17 Table 1.2: Number of illegal min
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19 Table 1.3: Key indicators in min
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21 migrate to plain areas or are co
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23 had no land to start with and wo
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25 Although there is no data to sho
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27 2,055 children enrolled in Santu
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29 we will eat tomorrow,” said a
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31 GURIA is a dark-eyed little girl
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33 Serious health problems have alr
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35 In several districts of Rajastha
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37 Table 1.4: Total number of child
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39 Bearing in mind that many of the
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41 children are working in mines in
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43 significant problem. A study car
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45 Part II State Reports 1. Karnata
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48 basic healthcare to its populati
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50 Kolar district: Key facts Total
Page 54 and 55: 52 and pursued higher education. Th
Page 56 and 57: 54 has created a peculiar aesthetic
Page 58 and 59: 56 number of children working in th
Page 60 and 61: 58 almost every child is absent for
Page 62 and 63: 60 Table 2.02: Survey on children n
Page 64 and 65: 62 the village were cough, eye infe
Page 66 and 67: 65 Maharashtra State Overview Mahar
Page 68 and 69: 67 154 are in Maharashtra (making i
Page 70 and 71: 69 poverty, (ii) education, (iii) h
Page 72 and 73: 71 Quarry is a very big area spread
Page 74 and 75: 73 family works as a unit and manag
Page 76 and 77: 75 Table 2.06: Class-wise distribut
Page 78 and 79: 77 Children in stone quarries hit b
Page 80 and 81: 80 Literacy levels are also poor in
Page 82 and 83: 82 and quarrying in the state. Of t
Page 84 and 85: 84 Follow up interviews were carrie
Page 86 and 87: 86 At Thumbli village, residents ex
Page 88 and 89: 88 usually not strong enough to car
Page 90 and 91: 90 Inadequate Health Facilities Sev
Page 92 and 93: 92 Many of the Workers in the Mines
Page 94 and 95: 94 that 296,979 children aged betwe
Page 96 and 97: 96 This case study covered two mine
Page 98 and 99: 98 Traditional Forest Dwellers (Rec
Page 100 and 101: 100 in the mine sites ekeing out a
Page 102 and 103: 102 Conclusions Panna, once a rich
Page 106 and 107: 106 The top five most mined distric
Page 108 and 109: 108 There are several other content
Page 110 and 111: 110 Table 2.11: Enrolment of childr
Page 112 and 113: 112 companies for their power plant
Page 114 and 115: 115 Jharkhand State Overview The st
Page 116 and 117: 117 population who live in these fo
Page 118 and 119: 119 around coal, but to also provid
Page 120 and 121: 121 Status of Anganwadi Centres and
Page 122 and 123: 123 due to multiple government duti
Page 124 and 125: 125 Uranium Corporation of India Li
Page 126 and 127: 128 farming and forestry. It is the
Page 128 and 129: 130 attendance at birth, the high p
Page 130 and 131: 132 were displaced for mining proje
Page 132 and 133: 134 the impacts are visibly evident
Page 134 and 135: 136 for construction and other indu
Page 136 and 137: 138 Table 2.17: School enrolment da
Page 138 and 139: 140 village also complained of cont
Page 140 and 141: 142 about the status of children in
Page 142 and 143: 144 exposed to the toxicity from th
Page 144 and 145: 146 for labour elsewhere. The prese
Page 146 and 147: 148 State Excesses and Human Rights
Page 148 and 149: 150 Table 2.25: Information collect
Page 150 and 151: 152 The DP Camp is far away from th
Page 152 and 153: 154 Naik and Mr. Prahlad Naid who a
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156 Social Cost of Displacement As
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158 Table 2.32: Comparative village
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160 Rajabandha also has a low cost
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162 on land to be acquired in some
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165 Andhra Pradesh State Overview T
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167 Mining in Andhra Pradesh Almost
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169 small areas where there are qua
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171 other families also working in
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173 Nature of Quarry Work Tradition
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175 Conclusions The three micro-lev
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Part III Summary and Recommendation
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180 Whose Child is India’s Mining
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182 attention on child labour issue
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184 are not working in the mines.
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186 proposed to be the basis of th
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188 explored, clear design and work
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OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE RIGHT TO IN
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193 Andhra Pradesh areas. Appr
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195 Tamil Nadu Orissa informati
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197 compensation for land and R
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Annexures
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200 Karnataka The tables below give
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202 Drop-out children brought back
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205 Glossary Adivasi: The term used
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207 and educational development. Pa
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