Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 68 agricultural machinery is likely to remain low in the future, too, since there are as yet no signs of an introduction of a retrofitting requirement in this machine category. By contrast, as a consequence of the Ordinance on Air Pollution Control (Amendment dated 19 September 2008), more construction machines will be retrofitted so that by 2020 practically all machines in operation with an engine power > 37 kW will have been equipped or retrofitted with a particle filter system (Fig. 20). > Compared with agricultural machinery, the construction machines currently in use are newer, as we can see from Figure 34. This means that there is a higher proportion of newer, and thus “cleaner”, machines in use in the construction industry than in the agricultural sector. > For construction machinery, the first set of EU regulations governing maximum emission levels entered into effect earlier than the regulations governing agricultural machinery. This, combined with the fact that the fleet of construction machines is newer than that of agricultural machines, resulted in a situation in which 40% of excavators/dumpers met the EU emission requirements in 2005, compared with only 8% of tractors (Fig. 34). Fig. 34 > Age distribution of construction and agricultural machinery The curves represent the respective age distribution, while the vertical dotted lines indicate the year in which the first EU regulations governing maximum emission levels entered into effect (i.e. 1 year earlier for construction machines than for agricultural equipment). NB: the vertical dotted lines indicating the years in which the regulations entered into effect represent a delay of one year (e. g. from 2003 → 2002) since all machines have to meet the specified requirement in the year of entry into effect. Entry into effect of EU I 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2003 2002 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 Year of manufacture Tractors (agriculture) Hydraulic excavators In 2005, 40% of excavators/dumpers complied with EU stage I (since 40% of these machines were less than 4 years old and were thus brought into circulation after the introduction of EU I).
7 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions 69 Development of CO 2 emissions CO 2 emissions are a direct consequence of, and are immediately related to, fuel consumption. The corresponding conversion factors are indicated in Table 34. In 2005, non-road emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) amounted to a total of 1.2 million tonnes, which is equivalent to 3.0% of Switzerland’s total annual CO 2 emissions (40.7 million tonnes p.a. 22 ). In the period from 1990 to 2005, non-road CO 2 emissions increased by 15%. No further increase is expected in the period up to 2020, though in contrast to road vehicles there is also no recognisable trend towards more fuel-efficient machines 23 . Fig. 35 > Development of non-road CO 2 emissions t/a 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery Railway machinery Military machinery Numerical values, see Tab. 43 on page 145. 22 Source: FOEN 2006 23 Source: SAEFL 2004
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7 > Fuel <strong>consumption</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>pollutant</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> 69<br />
Development of CO 2 <strong>emissions</strong><br />
CO 2 <strong>emissions</strong> are a direct consequence of, <strong>and</strong> are immediately related to, <strong>fuel</strong> <strong>consumption</strong>.<br />
The corresponding conversion factors are indicated in Table 34.<br />
In 2005, non-<strong>road</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) amounted to a total of 1.2 million<br />
tonnes, which is equivalent to 3.0% of Switzerl<strong>and</strong>’s total annual CO 2 <strong>emissions</strong><br />
(40.7 million tonnes p.a. 22 ). In the period from 1990 to 2005, non-<strong>road</strong> CO 2 <strong>emissions</strong><br />
increased by 15%. No further increase is expected in the period up to 2020, though in<br />
contrast to <strong>road</strong> vehicles there is also no recognisable trend towards more <strong>fuel</strong>-efficient<br />
machines 23 .<br />
Fig. 35 > Development of non-<strong>road</strong> CO 2 <strong>emissions</strong><br />
t/a<br />
1,400,000<br />
1,200,000<br />
1,000,000<br />
800,000<br />
600,000<br />
400,000<br />
200,000<br />
0<br />
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020<br />
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery<br />
Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery Railway machinery Military machinery<br />
Numerical values, see Tab. 43 on page 145.<br />
22<br />
Source: FOEN 2006<br />
23<br />
Source: SAEFL 2004
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