Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH

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Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 34 4.3.5 Fuel consumption Non-road fuel consumption is calculated using the same methodology as for pollutant emissions. The fuel consumption factors of the various machine and engine types are listed in A4 on page 126. The consumption factors applied to diesel-powered machines are based on the data of the Environmental Protection Agency (USA) (EPA 2004). In line with the method used by the EPA, no chronological distinction of consumption factors in dependency on emission stages is made. The consumption factors for petrol-powered appliances are based on data in test reports carried out by the German Agricultural Society (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft) (DLG 2008). The reduction of consumption in dependency on emission stages was chosen so that it runs parallel to hydrocarbon emissions. The consumption factors for ships/boats were adopted in accordance with the data contained in Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a). Due to the lower level of efficiency, the consumption factors of steamships are significantly higher than those for motor vessels. The consumption factors for railway vehicles are based on the measurements of the IFEU (IFEU 2003) and on information provided by manufacturers of locomotives used by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB). Diesel-powered machinery (excluding marine and railway machinery) Small petrol-powered appliances Marine machinery Railway machinery 4.3.6 Influencing factors Emission levels and the fuel consumption of machines can be influenced by a variety of factors, as a result of which the effective emission and consumption levels may deviate from the underlying values. Where such influences can be identified, they are adjusted with the aid of correction factors (CF). As a rule, machines are operated at partial load. This means that, for calculation of emissions the engine rated power has to be reduced by a load factor to the effective engine power. Load factors vary according to type and age of the machine 13 . A6 on page 135 contains a list of the load factors for the various machine categories and types. Load (CF1) In the case of diesel machines, the emission and consumption factors refer to use at 48% of full load. This corresponds to the mean load of the ISO C1 non-road measurement cycle. In practice, however, certain machines are operated at a different mean load (for example, diesel railway vehicles in Switzerland are primarily used for shunting operations at low engine load), and this means that the standard load factor for 13 A dependency of the load factor on the age of the machine only applies to agricultural tractors, since unlike other machine types, old tractors continue to be used for many more years, but are often only required to perform less demanding tasks with correspondingly low engine loads.
4 > Methodology 35 these machine categories has to be adjusted. The load factors effectively attributed to the various machine categories and types are listed in A6 on page 135. Since the specific consumption in particular greatly depends on the load, for diesel machines that are operated at a mean load that deviates from the ISO measurement cycle, an adjustment of the consumption factor has to be made via the load factor. This adjustment is calculated on the basis of the following formula: CF 1 = 2.0095 – 2.1981 · Δ LF + 1.1886 · Δ LF 2 Key: CF 1 = correction factor for consumption if the effective load deviates from the standard load (i.e. from ISO 8178-4 cycle C1) Δ LF = ratio of effective load to standard load (i.e. from ISO cycle C1) The effect of this adjustment is that the specific consumption at an effective load factor of 20% is around 30% higher than at the ISO load factor of 48%. Due to a lack of background data, this adjustment takes account of consumption, but not emissions. Emission factors are obtained from stationary measurements (ISO C1 measurement cycle). But if in practice a machine is operated very dynamically (frequently changing load), this has an influence on its emissions, and this is taken into account when calculating the emission levels by applying suitable dynamic operation factors for the various machine categories and types. A7 on page 138 contains a list of machine categories and types with dynamic pollutant emissions. The applied dynamic operation factors are based on data produced by the EPA (EPA 2004), and are differentiated by emission stage, since depending on the engine technology concerned the influence of dynamic operation may be higher, lower or negligible (aspiration engines). Dynamic operation factors are only used for certain diesel machine types for carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Dynamic use (CF2) Tab. 8 > Dynamic operation factors for certain diesel machine types Dynamic use (CF 2 ). Emission stage CO HC, NOX PM Pre-EU A (before 1995, aspiration engines) 1.53 1.00 1.00 From 1996 to EU II 1.53 1.00 1.23 EU IIIA 1.53 1.00 1.47 From EU IIIB 1.00 1.00 1.00
Page 1: Environmental studies > Air 28 08 >
Page 4 and 5: Impressum Issued by Federal Office
Page 6 and 7: Non-road fuel consumption and pollu
Page 9 and 10: Foreword 7 > Foreword It is not onl
Page 11 and 12: Summary 9 Calculation methodology E
Page 13 and 14: Summary 11 Fig. 1 > Non-road pollut
Page 15 and 16: Summary 13 Comparison with road tra
Page 17 and 18: 2 > Objectives 15 2 > Objectives Th
Page 19 and 20: 4 > Methodology 17 4 > Methodology
Page 21 and 22: 4 > Methodology 19 The inventories
Page 23 and 24: 4 > Methodology 21 4.2.5 Dependency
Page 25 and 26: 4 > Methodology 23 4.3 Emission fun
Page 27 and 28: 4 > Methodology 25 With respect to
Page 29 and 30: 4 > Methodology 27 not been explici
Page 31 and 32: 4 > Methodology 29 With respect to
Page 33 and 34: 4 > Methodology 31 Fig. 8 > Emissio
Page 35: 4 > Methodology 33 Fig. 9 > Derivat
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8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant
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9 > Supplementary observations 103
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Appendix 115 > Appendix A1 Calculat
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Appendix 117 4. Calculation of poll
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Appendix 119 A3 Emission limit valu
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Appendix 121 A3-2 Small petrol-powe
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Appendix 123 Tab. 21 > Emission lim
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Appendix 125 A3-4 Railway vehicles
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Appendix 127 Tab. 25 > Assumptions
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Appendix 129 Tab. 28 > Emission fac
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Appendix 135 A6 Engine rated power
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Appendix 137 Machine category Machi
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Appendix 139 A8 Inventories and ope
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Appendix 141 Machine category Machi
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Appendix 143 A10 Fuel consumption a
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Appendix 145 A12 Emissions by machi
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Appendix 147 Tab. 46 > Agricultural
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Appendix 149 Tab. 49 > Marine machi
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Appendix 151 Pollutant Machine type
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Appendix 155 A14-4 Forestry machine
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Appendix 161 A14-7 Railway machiner
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Appendix 163 A15 Workgroups and the
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Index 165 > Index Definitions Emiss
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Index 167 Fig. 24 Forestry machiner
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Index 169 Tab. 26 Emission factors
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Index 171 SBB 2006: Statistisches V
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