Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH

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Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 32 less a tolerance of 10%. For boats, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research EMPA has produced detailed information on limit value utilisation, which forms the basis for specifying the corresponding emission factors. The emission factors for ships/boats that are not subject to emission regulations (i.e. those manufactured before 1995 or equipped with small engines) are based on assumptions, in some cases taking into account emission levels of other machine categories into account. The emission factors for machines not subject to emission regulations correspond to the emission limit recommendations of the UIC. The emission factors for much older engines (year of manufacture prior to 1982) are additionally based on emission factors for diesel-powered machines with the same year of manufacture. The emission factors for engines manufactured after 2006 correspond to the EU limit values from EU IIIa, less a tolerance of 10%. Railway machinery Table 7 lists the emission levels of two types of railway machinery that are widely used by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) and for which measurement results exist. The figures in parentheses represent the corresponding emission factors according to the UIC. Only the figures for nitrogen oxides are fairly similar. With respect to HC and CO emissions, locomotive type Am 843 has a significantly lower level than the UIC figure (and is also well below the EU emission limits, which have only been applicable since 2006). Since corresponding data do not exist for all other types of railway machinery, the emission calculations are nonetheless based on the UIC emission factors, particularly since evaluations of vehicles operated by German Railways (DB) (IFEU 2003) show that levels for the various vehicles vary considerably. Tab. 7 > Emission levels of two railway machines widely used by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) Railway machine Tm 234 Machine type Railway tractor Engine Emission Number Emissions factors (g/kWh) rated power stage HC CO NOX PM 550 kW UIC-I 98 1.1 (0.8) 4.0 (3.0) 7.0 (12.0) 0.15 (0.5) Am 843 Locomotive 1500 kW UIC-II 73 0.2 (0.8) 0.7 (3.0) 8.9 (9.5) 0.1 (0.25) The figures in parentheses represent the UIC emission factors (as per Tab. 33 on page 133). 4.3.4 Sub-segments For the purpose of allocating machines to emission stages, the main segments (machines distinguished by machine type, engine type and engine-power class) are divided into sub-segments that comprise machines with a similar year of manufacture (according to emission stages). The sub-segments thus cover machines of all years of manufacture in which a certain emission stage applied.
4 > Methodology 33 Fig. 9 > Derivation of a sub-segment from main segment and emission stage According to this diagram, emission stage i is binding for all new machines manufactured after year a 1 . Emission stage 1: machines manufactured after year a1 Segment Emission stage 2: machines manufactured after year a2 Emission stage n: machines manufactured after year an The precise specification of which emission stage applies from which year is based on the times of entry into effect of the legally binding emission limit value for a given category. The assumed years of entry into effect are shown in A4 on page 126, together with the emission factors. For the period after 2014 the year of introduction of additional emission stages is still uncertain. How quickly engines that meet the corresponding limits penetrate an inventory depends on the respective age distributions. Figure 10 depicts the situation for road finishing machines as an example. Fig. 10 > Depiction of emission stages for road finishing machines (construction machinery) All road finishing machines that have been in use in the EU since 2001, and which it is assumed are also used in Switzerland, meet at least the requirements of EU I. It is assumed that older machines will be taken out of circulation by 2015 at the latest. The inventory model was calculated in accordance with the data from the new non-road database in 5-year intervals, hence the angular curves. Inventory 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year Pre-EU A Pre-EU B EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV EU V
Page 1: Environmental studies > Air 28 08 >
Page 4 and 5: Impressum Issued by Federal Office
Page 6 and 7: Non-road fuel consumption and pollu
Page 9 and 10: Foreword 7 > Foreword It is not onl
Page 11 and 12: Summary 9 Calculation methodology E
Page 13 and 14: Summary 11 Fig. 1 > Non-road pollut
Page 15 and 16: Summary 13 Comparison with road tra
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Page 19 and 20: 4 > Methodology 17 4 > Methodology
Page 21 and 22: 4 > Methodology 19 The inventories
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Appendix 119 A3 Emission limit valu
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Appendix 121 A3-2 Small petrol-powe
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Appendix 123 Tab. 21 > Emission lim
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Appendix 125 A3-4 Railway vehicles
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Appendix 127 Tab. 25 > Assumptions
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Appendix 129 Tab. 28 > Emission fac
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Appendix 135 A6 Engine rated power
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Appendix 137 Machine category Machi
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Appendix 139 A8 Inventories and ope
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Appendix 141 Machine category Machi
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Appendix 143 A10 Fuel consumption a
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Appendix 145 A12 Emissions by machi
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Appendix 147 Tab. 46 > Agricultural
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Appendix 149 Tab. 49 > Marine machi
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Appendix 151 Pollutant Machine type
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Appendix 155 A14-4 Forestry machine
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Appendix 161 A14-7 Railway machiner
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Appendix 163 A15 Workgroups and the
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Index 165 > Index Definitions Emiss
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Index 167 Fig. 24 Forestry machiner
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Index 169 Tab. 26 Emission factors
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Index 171 SBB 2006: Statistisches V
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Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH

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