Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH

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Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 28 On the basis of the data obtained from these three sources, older engines not subject to emission regulations (i.e. those manufactured prior to the introduction of EU I) are classified into two emission stages: engines manufactured before 1996 (Pre-EU A) and engines manufactured between 1996 and the introduction of EU I (Pre-EU B). In this way the fact can be taken into account that specific pollutant emissions were already reduced before the introduction of EU I as the result of improved engine technology (turbo engines). Between Pre-EU A and Pre-EU B, for emission factors for particulate matter and nitrogen oxides a reduction rate is assumed that (based on circumstances in Switzerland) corresponds to that of the black smoke measurements carried out by Agroscope ART and IVECO. The mean values of emission factors in these two pre-EU stages were chosen so that they correspond to the EPA Tier 0 levels. The resulting emission factors for the first stage (prior to 1996) correspond fairly closely to the measurement readings for ISO cycle C1 contained in Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a). Table 6 shows a comparison between the readings for the three data sources and the emission factors for particulate matter specified by the engine experts. 11 Tab. 6 > Comparison between data from the three sources and the emission factors specified by engine specialists (PM emission levels only) The figures only concern engines that are not subject to any EU emission regulations. The data from the evaluation of black smoke measurements primarily serve the purpose of verifying the plausibility of the emission factors. Engine-power class Data from SAEFL Report 49 (ISO cycle C1 measurements only) EPA Derived from black smoke measurements ART/IVECO/EMPA Selected emission factors Power range Engines manufactured
4 > Methodology 29 With respect to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, the same levels are used for both stages (Pre-EU A and Pre-EU B), namely those of the EPA study for Tier 0. The EPA criterion is applied for machines < 18 kW. Where this is implausible in the opinion of the engine specialists, the latter have made estimates based on the three cited sources (SAEFL Report 49, EPA study and evaluation of black smoke measurements). Emission factors of petrol engines are assumed in accordance with the data contained in Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a). Machines subject to emission regulations (newer engines) Emission factors of newer engines for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) are based on the European emission limit values described in chapter 4.3.1 (EU 1997). For emission calculations, the emission limit values are applied after deduction of a tolerance of 10%. If the readings obtained in the type approval procedure are well below the corresponding limit values, either the mean level of these readings and the limit value, or the mean level of these readings plus a manufacturing tolerance of 20%, is used instead of the limit value. The emission factors used in the model are indicated in A4 on page 126. Figure 7 shows the emission limit values and the emission factors used in the calculation model. For each year the emission factors are depicted in grey, whereas the corresponding emission limit values result as the sum of the grey and coloured parts of the column. EU IIIA only calls for a limit that combines nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions (HC + NO x ). In view of this, the combined level is shown in Figure 7 as the emission limit value for nitrogen oxides. The individual emission factors for nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons were derived from the combined figure as follows: the emission factor for hydrocarbons for EU IIIA was calculated from EU I and EU II, based on the assumption that the reduction rate from EU II to EU III is identical to that from EU I to EU II. The emission factor for nitrogen oxides for EU IIIA is based on the emission limit value for HC + NO x reduced by 10%, less the previously determined emission factor for hydrocarbons. With respect to nitrogen oxide emission limit values, with effect from EU IIIB the 37 to 75 kW engine-power class is divided into two segments, namely 37 to 56 kW and 56 to 75 kW (see Fig. 7, top right). This division is not made in the inventories and operating hours, and for this reason an emission factor for this engine-power class was set taking the average of the two limit values, less a tolerance of 10%. Appendix A4-1 (Tab. 24, page 126) lists the emission factors for diesel engines (those subject to emission regulations as well as those not subject to such regulations), and the origin of each individual value. Figure 8 shows the emission factors in graph form.
Page 1: Environmental studies > Air 28 08 >
Page 4 and 5: Impressum Issued by Federal Office
Page 6 and 7: Non-road fuel consumption and pollu
Page 9 and 10: Foreword 7 > Foreword It is not onl
Page 11 and 12: Summary 9 Calculation methodology E
Page 13 and 14: Summary 11 Fig. 1 > Non-road pollut
Page 15 and 16: Summary 13 Comparison with road tra
Page 17 and 18: 2 > Objectives 15 2 > Objectives Th
Page 19 and 20: 4 > Methodology 17 4 > Methodology
Page 21 and 22: 4 > Methodology 19 The inventories
Page 23 and 24: 4 > Methodology 21 4.2.5 Dependency
Page 25 and 26: 4 > Methodology 23 4.3 Emission fun
Page 27 and 28: 4 > Methodology 25 With respect to
Page 29: 4 > Methodology 27 not been explici
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Page 37 and 38: 4 > Methodology 35 these machine ca
Page 39 and 40: 4 > Methodology 37 4.3.7 Particle f
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Appendix 119 A3 Emission limit valu
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Appendix 121 A3-2 Small petrol-powe
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Appendix 125 A3-4 Railway vehicles
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Appendix 127 Tab. 25 > Assumptions
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Appendix 129 Tab. 28 > Emission fac
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Appendix 135 A6 Engine rated power
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Appendix 137 Machine category Machi
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Appendix 139 A8 Inventories and ope
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Appendix 141 Machine category Machi
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Appendix 143 A10 Fuel consumption a
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Appendix 145 A12 Emissions by machi
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Appendix 147 Tab. 46 > Agricultural
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Appendix 149 Tab. 49 > Marine machi
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Appendix 151 Pollutant Machine type
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Appendix 155 A14-4 Forestry machine
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Appendix 161 A14-7 Railway machiner
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Appendix 163 A15 Workgroups and the
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Index 165 > Index Definitions Emiss
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Index 167 Fig. 24 Forestry machiner
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Index 169 Tab. 26 Emission factors
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Index 171 SBB 2006: Statistisches V
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Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH

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