Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
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<strong>Non</strong>-<strong>road</strong> <strong>fuel</strong> <strong>consumption</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>pollutant</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> FOEN 2008 26<br />
4.3.2 Emission stages<br />
The emission calculation model takes account of emission regulations <strong>and</strong> the ongoing<br />
improvement of engines in terms of reducing harmful exhaust <strong>emissions</strong> by means of<br />
emission stages. Here the inventories <strong>and</strong> operating hours are differentiated further so<br />
that the machines are characterised not only by category, machine type, engine type<br />
<strong>and</strong> engine-power class, but also by year of manufacture. In this way the relevant<br />
emission limit values can be allocated in accordance with the corresponding legislation,<br />
or in view of their age they belong to the group of machines that are not yet<br />
subject to emission regulations.<br />
Emission factors for diesel-powered machines are differentiated in the calculation<br />
model through emission stages (EU stage I to EU stage IV) in accordance with EU<br />
emission directives (e. g. EU 1997) (see also Fig. 8). Older machines are allocated to<br />
two different stages (Pre-EU A, Pre-EU B). In this way it is possible to take into account<br />
the fact that a reduction of <strong>emissions</strong> has already been attained before the introduction<br />
of emission limit values, thanks to improved engine technology (e. g. change<br />
from aspirating to turbo engines).<br />
Emission stages for small petrol-powered appliances are based on the two stages of EU<br />
emission legislation. Older appliances that are not yet subject to emission legislation<br />
are allocated to three emission stages (Pre-EU A, Pre-EU B, Pre-EU C) according to<br />
their age. The allocation of older appliances to three different emission stages is indicated<br />
because of the late introduction of emission limit values for small appliances. In<br />
2007, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated a consultation procedure<br />
for tightening up exhaust limits still further with effect from 2010 7 . In the EU<br />
there are at present no signs pointing to a further tightening of emission limits. <strong>Non</strong>etheless,<br />
for the projections up to 2020 it was assumed that a further stage (EU III)<br />
would subsequently be introduced.<br />
For ship <strong>and</strong> boat engines, emission stages for the period from 1995 to 2003 are based<br />
on the SAV exhaust regulations. Stage II of the ordinance governing shipping on Lake<br />
Constance has not been reflected in the model as a separate emission stage.<br />
Older ship engines that are not subject to exhaust regulations have been allocated to a<br />
single emission stage (Pre-SAV). For commercially operated ships (passenger ships,<br />
ferries, cargo ships/barges), engines manufactured after 2003 have to meet the requirements<br />
of the two emission stages of the ordinance governing shipping on the<br />
Rhine, <strong>and</strong> engines manufactured after 2007/2009 have to comply with EU stage IIIA<br />
(Directive 97/68/EC).<br />
Recreational craft, sports boats, etc. were subject to the requirements of SAV stage I up<br />
to <strong>and</strong> including year of manufacture 2006. Since 2007 they have to comply with stage<br />
I of the EU Recreational Craft Directive (2003/44/EC). In Switzerl<strong>and</strong>, however, 2-<br />
stroke engines have to meet the more stringent exhaust requirements for 4-stroke petrol<br />
engines. Emission stage II of the ordinance governing shipping on Lake Constance has<br />
Diesel-powered machinery<br />
(excluding marine <strong>and</strong> railway<br />
machinery)<br />
Small petrol-powered appliances<br />
Marine machinery<br />
7<br />
http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/non<strong>road</strong>/marinesi-equipld/420f07032.pdf