Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
4 > Methodology 17<br />
4 > Methodology<br />
4.1 Basic principles<br />
<strong>Non</strong>-<strong>road</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> are primarily calculated on the basis of the following criteria:<br />
> Inventories <strong>and</strong> operating hours of machines, subdivided into categories, engine<br />
types, engine-power classes <strong>and</strong> years of manufacture.<br />
> Emission factors are allocated to machines according to engine type <strong>and</strong> year of<br />
manufacture, which indicate emission levels in grams per kilowatt hour (g/kWh).<br />
Emission factors are classified into emission stages that encompass the period (by<br />
year of manufacture) for which certain emission factors are characteristic for the<br />
various types of machines. For newer machines, the emission stages correspond to<br />
the period from which certain emission limit values are legally binding for the type<br />
of machine concerned.<br />
These two data sets (inventories/hours of operation <strong>and</strong> emission factors) are used for<br />
calculating the <strong>emissions</strong> for each grouping of machines (i.e. machines in the same<br />
category, of the same type <strong>and</strong> engine-power class, <strong>and</strong> similar year of manufacture, to<br />
which the same emission factors can be allocated). The calculation is done in accordance<br />
with the following formula (cf. A1 on page 115):<br />
Em = N ⋅ H ⋅ P ⋅λ<br />
⋅ε<br />
⋅CF<br />
1<br />
⋅CF2<br />
⋅CF3<br />
Key:<br />
Em = <strong>emissions</strong> per machine type, <strong>pollutant</strong>, emission stage<br />
(in grams or tonnes p.a.)<br />
N = number of machines/appliances (inventory)<br />
H = hours of operation (hrs p.a.)<br />
P = mean engine rated power (kW)<br />
λ = effective load factor (dimensionless)<br />
ε = emission factor (g per kWh)<br />
CF 1 = correction factor for deviation of effective load from st<strong>and</strong>ard load in<br />
the cycle on which the emission factor is based (dimensionless)<br />
CF 2 = correction factor for dynamic utilisation of the machine<br />
(dimensionless)<br />
CF 3 = correction factor for wear <strong>and</strong> tear of the machine (dimensionless)<br />
The total non-<strong>road</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> per annum can be determined by adding together the data<br />
for all machine groupings per reference year.