Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH

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Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 16 3 > Procedure The previously existing data relating to the non-road segment were initially compiled in 1996 in SAEFL Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a). The fundamentals for calculation were updated within the scope of the studies carried out for this new report, which included updating the inventories of machines and appliances and their operating hours, reviewing the fundamentals for emission factors, and improving and refining the calculation methodology. The inventories and operating hours had to be reviewed and modified as necessary on the basis of new statistical material and estimates by specialists. These tasks were carried out by Jaakko Pöyry Infra (formerly Elektrowatt, EWI), which compiled the statistics relating to inventories and operating hours in collaboration with other specialists (cf. A15). The current data are contained in the report called “Neue Offroad- Datenbank 2000” (“New non-road database 2000”) (EWI 2005). The revision of emission fundamentals was necessary due to the introduction in 2001 of European exhaust regulations for new non-road engines. These new regulations call for a constant improvement of new non-road engines in terms of specific emissions of pollutants, and this development had to be taken into account for calculating emission factors. In addition, the emission fundamentals for older engines also had to be revised, and here the findings from new studies, e. g. the report by the EPA 2 on non-road emissions (EPA 2004) had to be taken into account. Furthermore, Agroscope ART 3 produced a set of measurement data for approximately 700 older Swiss tractors, which also yielded new information relating to specific emissions from non-road engines. The calculation methodology was improved versus the one used for Report 49, so that new findings could be incorporated into the present report (e. g. influence of dynamic utilisation of machines). 2 Environmental Protection Agency (USA). 3 Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon (Agroscope ART) research centre.
4 > Methodology 17 4 > Methodology 4.1 Basic principles Non-road emissions are primarily calculated on the basis of the following criteria: > Inventories and operating hours of machines, subdivided into categories, engine types, engine-power classes and years of manufacture. > Emission factors are allocated to machines according to engine type and year of manufacture, which indicate emission levels in grams per kilowatt hour (g/kWh). Emission factors are classified into emission stages that encompass the period (by year of manufacture) for which certain emission factors are characteristic for the various types of machines. For newer machines, the emission stages correspond to the period from which certain emission limit values are legally binding for the type of machine concerned. These two data sets (inventories/hours of operation and emission factors) are used for calculating the emissions for each grouping of machines (i.e. machines in the same category, of the same type and engine-power class, and similar year of manufacture, to which the same emission factors can be allocated). The calculation is done in accordance with the following formula (cf. A1 on page 115): Em = N ⋅ H ⋅ P ⋅λ ⋅ε ⋅CF 1 ⋅CF2 ⋅CF3 Key: Em = emissions per machine type, pollutant, emission stage (in grams or tonnes p.a.) N = number of machines/appliances (inventory) H = hours of operation (hrs p.a.) P = mean engine rated power (kW) λ = effective load factor (dimensionless) ε = emission factor (g per kWh) CF 1 = correction factor for deviation of effective load from standard load in the cycle on which the emission factor is based (dimensionless) CF 2 = correction factor for dynamic utilisation of the machine (dimensionless) CF 3 = correction factor for wear and tear of the machine (dimensionless) The total non-road emissions per annum can be determined by adding together the data for all machine groupings per reference year.
Page 1: Environmental studies > Air 28 08 >
Page 4 and 5: Impressum Issued by Federal Office
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Page 9 and 10: Foreword 7 > Foreword It is not onl
Page 11 and 12: Summary 9 Calculation methodology E
Page 13 and 14: Summary 11 Fig. 1 > Non-road pollut
Page 15 and 16: Summary 13 Comparison with road tra
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Appendix 141 Machine category Machi
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Appendix 145 A12 Emissions by machi
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Appendix 161 A14-7 Railway machiner
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Appendix 163 A15 Workgroups and the
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Index 165 > Index Definitions Emiss
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Index 167 Fig. 24 Forestry machiner
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Index 169 Tab. 26 Emission factors
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Index 171 SBB 2006: Statistisches V
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