Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions ... - BAFU - CH
Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 104 9.2 Impacts of retrofitting with particle filters Figure 52 (left) shows the past and future development of PM emissions caused by construction machinery if no machines had been retrofitted with particle filter systems and no further retrofitting were to be carried out, in comparison with the retrofitting scenario. As we can see, particle emissions would be approximately twice as high in 2010 as in the scenario with retrofitted machines. So far, no major retrofitting of agricultural machines has taken place. However, when EU stage IIIB enters into effect in 2012, new machines will have to be equipped with particle filter systems before they leave the factory. This means that, compared with the situation regarding construction machinery, the introduction of particle filters in the agricultural sector will commence at a relatively late stage. Construction machinery Agricultural machinery Figure 52 (right) shows how the situation with regard to agricultural machinery would change versus the scenario without retrofitted machines if new machines were to be equipped with particle filter systems already with effect from 2009. Compared with the situation in which new machines are only equipped with particle filter systems at a later date, in 2020 there would be a 17% reduction in PM emissions from agricultural machines. The impact of such a measure restricted to new machines is thus relatively minor, which can be attributed to the fact that agricultural machines are used over lengthy periods of time and the replacement rate (2600 tractors a year) is correspondingly low. In order to more effectively reduce emissions, it would be necessary to retrofit a larger number of older machines, since these have a higher specific level of PM emissions that could be reduced with the aid of particle filter systems. Fig. 52 > Construction and agricultural machinery: particle emissions in 2005 and chronological development For construction machinery, “with retrofitting” corresponds to the reference scenario. For agricultural machinery “without retrofitting” reflects the reference scenario. The “with retrofitting” scenario corresponds to a premature introduction (in 2009) of a retrofitting obligation for new machines. Construction machinery Agricultural machinery t/a 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 t/a 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 Scenario without retrofitting Scenario with retrofitting Retrofitting as described in section 5.5 (Fig. 20 on page 45).
9 > Supplementary observations 105 9.3 Comparison with Report 49 9.3.1 Methodology One of the main differences in methodology between the present report and Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a) concerns the influencing factors that were taken into account. In the previous calculation model, only an adjustment factor for wear and tear was used, but in the new model additional adjustment factors have been included: > Deviation of effective load from standard load in the cycle on which the emission factor is based (CF 1 ) > Dynamic use of machinery (CF 2 ). 9.3.2 Emission factors (diesel machines) In Report 49, the figures for emission factors for non-road diesel machines (excluding ships/boats and railway vehicles) were based on measurement data from a specially prepared data set (dating from 1993/94). These were unavoidably heterogeneous since at that time no emission limit values had been specified and measurement data were thus only available in limited form. This meant that the underlying measurement cycles were not uniform. Furthermore, the data set included measurements for aspiration and turbo engines. The evaluation of these figures was carried out on the basis of the assumption by EUROMOT to the effect that engine rated power and emissions are correlated in accordance with the following equation: ε = A − B ⋅ P 0.1 Key: ε emission factor A, B coefficients of regression curve P engine rated power The data mainly concern new engines (information provided by manufacturers) and the composition does not necessarily correspond to that of the Swiss data set. In view of this, adjustment factors were determined for the type of construction (e. g. taking account of precombustion chamber engines in the existing Swiss machinery fleet at that time) and wear and tear, and the equation cited above was amended accordingly. The resulting values for the emission factors are shown in the respective “A” columns in Table 14. When making comparisons with the new emission factors it should be borne in mind that these have not yet been adjusted by the respective influencing factors. By contrast, they were already included in the emission factors in Report 49. For this reason, the (non-adjusted) emission factors in Report 49 are also shown in Table 14 under the heading “Previous B”.
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9 > Supplementary observations 105<br />
9.3 Comparison with Report 49<br />
9.3.1 Methodology<br />
One of the main differences in methodology between the present report <strong>and</strong> Report 49<br />
(SAEFL 1996a) concerns the influencing factors that were taken into account. In the<br />
previous calculation model, only an adjustment factor for wear <strong>and</strong> tear was used, but<br />
in the new model additional adjustment factors have been included:<br />
> Deviation of effective load from st<strong>and</strong>ard load in the cycle on which the emission<br />
factor is based (CF 1 )<br />
> Dynamic use of machinery (CF 2 ).<br />
9.3.2 Emission factors (diesel machines)<br />
In Report 49, the figures for emission factors for non-<strong>road</strong> diesel machines (excluding<br />
ships/boats <strong>and</strong> railway vehicles) were based on measurement data from a specially<br />
prepared data set (dating from 1993/94). These were unavoidably heterogeneous since<br />
at that time no emission limit values had been specified <strong>and</strong> measurement data were<br />
thus only available in limited form. This meant that the underlying measurement cycles<br />
were not uniform. Furthermore, the data set included measurements for aspiration <strong>and</strong><br />
turbo engines. The evaluation of these figures was carried out on the basis of the<br />
assumption by EUROMOT to the effect that engine rated power <strong>and</strong> <strong>emissions</strong> are<br />
correlated in accordance with the following equation:<br />
ε =<br />
A − B ⋅ P<br />
0.1<br />
Key: ε emission factor<br />
A, B coefficients of regression curve<br />
P engine rated power<br />
The data mainly concern new engines (information provided by manufacturers) <strong>and</strong> the<br />
composition does not necessarily correspond to that of the Swiss data set. In view of<br />
this, adjustment factors were determined for the type of construction (e. g. taking<br />
account of precombustion chamber engines in the existing Swiss machinery fleet at<br />
that time) <strong>and</strong> wear <strong>and</strong> tear, <strong>and</strong> the equation cited above was amended accordingly.<br />
The resulting values for the emission factors are shown in the respective “A” columns<br />
in Table 14. When making comparisons with the new emission factors it should be<br />
borne in mind that these have not yet been adjusted by the respective influencing<br />
factors. By contrast, they were already included in the emission factors in Report 49.<br />
For this reason, the (non-adjusted) emission factors in Report 49 are also shown in<br />
Table 14 under the heading “Previous B”.
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