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> Non-road fuel consumption
and pollutant emissions
Study for the period from 1980 to 2020

Environmental studies > Air
> Non-road fuel consumption
and pollutant emissions
Study for the period from 1980 to 2020
Published by the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
Bern, 2008

Impressum
Issued by
Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)
FOEN is an office of the Federal Department of Environment,
Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC).
Authors
Ulrich Schäffeler und Mario Keller (INFRAS)
FOEN consultant
Giovanni d’Urbano, Air Pollution Control and NIR Division
Suggested form of citation
Schäffeler U., Keller M. 2008: Non-road fuel consumption and
pollutant emissions. Study for the period from 1980 to 2020.
Environmental studies no. 0828. Federal Office for the Environment,
Bern: 171 pp.
Translation
Keith Hewlett, Zug
Design
Ursula Nöthiger-Koch, 4813 Uerkheim
Cover picture
Zeppelin (Germany)/FOEN.
Downloadable PDF file
www.environment-switzerland.ch/uw-0828-e
(no printed version available)
Code: UW-0828-E
This publication is also available in German and French
(UW-0828-D/F).
© FOEN 2008

Table of contents 3
> Table of contents
Abstracts 5
Foreword 7
Summary 8
1 Current situation 14
2 Objectives 15
3 Procedure 16
4 Methodology 17
4.1 Basic principles 17
4.2 Inventory modelling 18
4.2.1 Structure 18
4.2.2 Collection of data 19
4.2.3 Inventory model 20
4.2.4 Operating hours 20
4.2.5 Dependency of operating hours on age 21
4.2.6 Age distribution of inventories
and operating hours 22
4.3 Emission fundamentals 23
4.3.1 Emission limit values 23
4.3.2 Emission stages 26
4.3.3 Emission factors 27
4.3.4 Sub-segments 32
4.3.5 Fuel consumption 34
4.3.6 Influencing factors 34
4.3.7 Particle filters 37
5 Inventories and operating hours 38
5.1 Inventories in 2005 38
5.2 Chronological development of inventories
from 1980 to 2020 39
5.3 Operating hours in 2005 41
5.4 Chronological development of operating hours
from 1980 to 2020 43
5.5 Development of inventory of machines equipped
with a particle filter system 45
6 Inventories and operating hours
of the individual machine categories 46
6.1 Construction machinery 46
6.2 Industrial machinery 48
6.3 Agricultural machinery 50
6.4 Forestry machinery 52
6.5 Garden-care/hobby appliances 54
6.6 Marine machinery 56
6.7 Railway machinery 58
6.8 Military machinery 60
7 Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions 62
7.1 Fuel consumption in 2005 62
7.2 Development of fuel consumption
from 1980 to 2020 63
7.3 Emissions in 2005 64
7.4 Development of emissions from 1980 to 2020 66
7.4.1 Relative development of emissions 66
7.4.2 Development of emissions by machine
category 67
8 Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions
by machine category 70
8.1 Construction machinery 70
8.1.1 Fuel consumption 70
8.1.2 Emissions 72
8.2 Industrial machinery 74
8.2.1 Fuel consumption 74
8.2.2 Emissions 76
8.3 Agricultural machinery 78
8.3.1 Fuel consumption 78
8.3.2 Emissions 80
8.4 Forestry machinery 82
8.4.1 Fuel consumption 82
8.4.2 Emissions 84
8.5 Garden-care/hobby appliances 86
8.5.1 Fuel consumption 86
8.5.2 Emissions 88
8.6 Marine machinery 90
8.6.1 Fuel consumption 90
8.6.2 Emissions 92

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 4
8.7 Railway machinery 94
8.7.1 Fuel consumption 94
8.7.2 Emissions 96
8.8 Military machinery 98
8.8.1 Fuel consumption 98
8.8.2 Emissions 100
9 Supplementary observations 102
9.1 Comparison with emissions from road vehicles 102
9.2 Impacts of retrofitting with particle filters 104
9.3 Comparison with Report 49 105
9.3.1 Methodology 105
9.3.2 Emission factors (diesel machines) 105
9.3.3 Inventories and operating hours 106
9.3.4 Fuel consumption 109
9.3.5 Emissions 111
9.4 Verification of plausibility with specific pollutant
emissions 113
Appendix 115
A1 Calculation methodology 115
A2 Machine categories and types 118
A3 Emission limit values 119
A3-1 Diesel-powered machines excluding
ships/boats and railway vehicles 119
A3-2 Small petrol-powered appliances 121
A3-3 Marine machinery 122
A3-4 Railway vehicles 125
A4 Emission and fuel consumption factors 126
A4-1 Diesel-powered machines excluding
ships/boats and railway vehicles 126
A4-2 Gas-powered machines 127
A4-3 Petrol-powered appliances 128
A4-4 Marine machinery 130
A4-5 Railway vehicles 133
A5 Conversion factors for carbon dioxide emissions 134
A6 Engine rated power and load factors 135
A7 Machine types with dynamic pollutant emissions 138
A8 Inventories and operating hours by machine
category 139
A9 Inventories and operating hours of individual
machine types 140
A10 Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions 143
A11 Fuel consumption by machine category 144
A12 Emissions by machine category 145
A13 Fuel consumption by machine type 146
A14 Emissions by machine type 150
A14-1 Construction machinery 150
A14-2 Industrial machinery 152
A14-3 Agricultural machinery 153
A14-4 Forestry machinery 155
A14-5 Garden-care/hobby appliances 156
A14-6 Marine machinery 160
A14-7 Railway machinery 161
A14-8 Military machinery 161
A15 Workgroups and their composition 163
A15-1 Construction machinery 163
A15-2 Small appliances 163
A15-3 Forestry machinery 163
A15-4 Agricultural machinery 164
A15-5 Engine specialists 164
Index 165
Definitions 165
Abbreviations 165
Figures 166
Tables 168
Bibliography 170

Abstracts 5
> Abstracts
This report quantifies non-road pollutant emissions and fuel consumption in Switzerland.
This source encompasses all mobile machines and appliances that are equipped
with a combustion engine and are not intended to transport passengers and goods by
road. The calculations were made for eight different machine and appliance categories,
and cover the period from 1980 to 2020, with 2005 as the reference year. The report
thus provides an overview of the situation in the non-road segment and can also serve
as a technical basis for assessing potential measures aimed at reducing air pollution.
Keywords:
Exhaust emissions from
machines and appliances,
Emission of air pollutants,
Non-road segment
Der Bericht quantifiziert die Luftschadstoffemissionen und den Treibstoffverbrauch
des Offroad-Sektors in der Schweiz. Diese Quellengruppe umfasst alle mit einem
Verbrennungsmotor ausgerüsteten mobilen Maschinen und Geräte, die nicht zur Beförderung
von Personen und Gütern auf der Strasse bestimmt sind. Die Berechnungen
wurden für acht einzelne Maschinen- resp. Gerätegattungen durchgeführt. Sie decken
den Zeitraum von 1980 bis 2020 ab, mit einem Schwerpunkt für das Jahr 2005. Der
Bericht gibt damit einen Überblick über den Offroad-Sektor und kann zugleich als
fachliche Grundlage für die Beurteilung von möglichen Massnahmen zur Verminderung
der Luftverschmutzung dienen.
Stichwörter:
Abgas Maschinen und Geräte,
Luftschadstoffemissionen,
Offroad-Sektor
Le présent rapport chiffre les émissions de polluants atmosphériques et la consommation
de carburant du secteur non routier en Suisse. Ce groupe de sources d’émissions
englobe toutes les machines et tous les engins mobiles équipés d’un moteur à combustion,
et qui ne sont pas destinés à transporter des personnes et des marchandises sur la
route. Les calculs ont été effectués pour huit groupes de machines et engins. Ils couvrent
la période 1980–2020, et prennent pour référence l’année 2005. Ce rapport donne
ainsi un aperçu du secteur non routier et peut, parallèlement, servir de base pour
l’évaluation de mesures susceptibles de contribuer à réduire la pollution de l’air.
Mots-clés:
Gaz d’échappement de machines
et appareils,
Emissions de polluants
atmosphériques,
Secteur non routier
Il presente rapporto quantifica le emissioni inquinanti e il consumo di carburante del
settore non-stradale in Svizzera. Detto settore comprende le macchine mobili e gli
apparecchi di lavoro equipaggiati con un motore a combustione interna non destinati al
trasporto di persone e di merci sulla strada. I calcoli, che riguardano otto categorie di
macchine e apparecchi, sono stati effettuati per il periodo dal 1980 al 2020, con particolare
accento sul 2005. Il rapporto offre una panoramica del settore non-stradale e, al
contempo, funge da base tecnica per valutare possibili misure di riduzione dell’inquinamento
atmosferico.
Parole chiave:
gas di scarico, macchine e
apparecchi,
emissioni di inquinanti
atmosferici,
settore non-stradale

Foreword 7
> Foreword
It is not only road traffic that produces considerable quantities of air pollutants, but also
the non-road segment, i.e. mobile machines and appliances that are not intended to
transport passengers and goods by road. These include construction, agricultural and
forestry machinery, as well as a broad range of appliances for garden-care, hobbies,
etc.
For a long time the non-road segment was neglected in air pollution control. It is only
in the recent past that emissions in the non-road segment have been investigated in
greater detail. Today its importance as contributor to air pollution is well recognised.
The existence of a comprehensive database is essential in order to carry out a reliable
assessment of the air pollution attributable to non-road machinery and enable political
debate on measures aimed at reducing this type of pollution. This report provides the
necessary background material. It contains comprehensive data relating to the inventory
and number of operating hours of the various machine and appliance categories,
emission limit values and emission factors, as well as emission and fuel consumption
levels.
The report therefore forms a valuable basis for assessing the relevance of specific
source groups, estimating the future trend of emissions and assessing the effect of
potential reduction measures. It thus provides a comprehensive overview of non-road
pollution that can serve as a valuable basis and reference tool for enforcement authorities,
environmental bodies, political decision-makers and a variety of other interest
groups.
This report is based on a significant quantity of data that has been obtained through
close co-operation with a variety of bodies. While the data are based on the current
status of knowledge, they may change in the future as the result of new developments
and findings, and in view of this the FOEN is grateful to receive any relevant information
so that we can constantly update and improve our data sets.
Dr. Martin Schiess
Head of Air Pollution Control and NIR
Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 8
> Summary
Considerable quantities of various air pollutants are produced not only from road
traffic, but also by a broad variety of other motors that are operated in the non-road
segment. Accurate and up-to-date data relating to non-road emissions in Switzerland
are required for a variety of purposes, including the preparation of the annual climate
gas inventory, which Switzerland is obliged to produce within the scope of the Kyoto
Protocol, or as the basis for planning air pollution control measures. The FOEN thus
decided to carry out this study for the purpose of updating the non-road emissions
database that was created in 1996.
Emission sources
The non-road segment encompasses all mobile machines and appliances that are
equipped with a combustion engine and are not intended to transport passengers and
goods by road. For calculation purposes, the various machines and appliances of the
non-road segment were divided into the following categories:
> Construction machinery
> Industrial machinery
> Agricultural machinery
> Forestry machinery
> Garden-care/hobby appliances
> Marine machinery
> Railway machinery
> Military machinery
The term “nonroad” as used in this report does not refer to all-terrain motor cars (“offroad
vehicles”). It refers solely to mobile machines and appliances that are not intended
to transport passengers and goods by road.
Air pollutants
In this report, the emission levels of the four “classical” air pollutants
> Carbon monoxide (CO)
> Hydrocarbons (HC)
> Nitrogen oxides (NO x )
> Particulate matter (PM)
plus those of one greenhouse gas
> Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
have been calculated and expressed in tonnes per annum (tonnes p.a., t/a).

Summary 9
Calculation methodology
Emissions were mainly calculated on the basis of the following fundamentals:
> Inventories, number of operating hours and rated power of non-road machines and
appliances
> Load factors, emission factors and adjustment factors for these machines and appliances.
For each type of machine and each pollutant, the total emissions are calculated by
multiplying the number of operating hours by the corresponding emission factors, and
subsequently adding them together.
Here the emission factors for the four classical pollutants depend to a very great extent
on the type of machine and its method of operation. By contrast, CO 2 emissions are a
direct consequence of the consumption of fuel, and are directly coupled to this using
fixed conversion factors.
Inventories, operating hours and fuel consumption in the non-road segment in 2005
Table 1 shows that the category with the greatest number of machines is gardencare/hobby
appliances, with a proportion of 60% of the total inventory in 2005, followed
by agricultural machines (27%).
In terms of fuel consumption, however, the picture is completely different: due to the
lengthy operating times per machine and the high engine rated power, construction
machinery accounts for 31% of total fuel consumption (diesel and petrol) in the nonroad
segment. Despite the much greater number of machines, the corresponding figure
for the garden-care/hobby appliances category is only 3%. Agricultural machinery also
accounts for a high proportion of fuel consumption (38%).
Tab. 1 > Inventories, operating hours, fuel and energy consumption in the non-road segment in 2005
Inventories, operating hours and fuel consumption of non-road machines and appliances in 2005 (figures rounded up/down)
Machine category
Inventory Operating hours Operating hours per Fuel consumption [tonnes p.a.] Energy consumption
[-] [million hrs p.a.] machine [hrs p.a.] Diesel 1 Petrol Gas
[PJ]
Construction machinery 47,400 18.3 390 117,000 2,550 - 5.12
Industrial machinery 22,700 15.0 660 48,300 2,150 6,840 2.48
Agricultural machinery 340,000 36.6 110 126,000 18,800 - 6.19
Forestry machinery 12,700 2.6 200 7,630 2,290 - 0.42
Garden-care/hobby appliances 764,000 20.8 30 - 10,500 - 0.45
Marine machinery 82,600 3.3 40 22,170 14,300 - 1.56
Railway machinery 1,260 0.77 620 11,300 - - 0.48
Military machinery 1,340 0.07 50 1,130 14 - 0.05
Total (non-road segment) 1,270,000 97.4 - 333,000 50,600 6,840 16.7
1
Marine machinery = including heating oil for steamships

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 10
Pollutant emissions in the non-road segment in 2005
Figure 1 shows the proportions of the various emission source categories to non-road
emissions for the four classical pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC),
nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM). Different machine/appliance categories
account for the highest emission levels, depending on the pollutant.
With respect to carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), by far the highest
emission levels come from agricultural machinery. This is primarily attributable to the
use of single-axle mowers that have a relatively high engine rated power as well as
very high load factors. However, appliances used for garden care and in forestry also
make a decisive contribution towards CO and HC emissions, mainly because a very
large number of them are petrol-powered.
As far as nitrogen oxides (NO x )and particulate matter (PM) are concerned, the main
sources of emissions are agricultural and construction machinery, but industrial machinery
also makes a significant contribution towards non-road emissions of NO x and
PM.
Figure 1 and Table 2 present a more detailed summary of data from which we can see
that agricultural machinery accounts for the highest proportion of overall non-road CO
and HC emissions, with 46% of carbon monoxide and 40% of hydrocarbon emissions.
And with proportions of 37% and 44% respectively, agricultural machinery also accounts
for the highest non-road emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.
Appliances used for garden-care and hobbies contribute a proportion of 23% of overall
non-road carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. With proportions of 32% and
30% respectively, construction machinery is the second highest source of non-road
emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.

Summary 11
Fig. 1 > Non-road pollutant emissions in 2005
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
total: 45,100 t/a
2500
10,200
total: 6510 t/a
1520
643
3590
287
27
586
71
4
4780
777
20,700
2990
2570
341
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
total: 12,700 t/a
4720
288
61
1240
total: 887 t/a
22
393 55
628
23 2
48
1610
4130
123
269
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery Railway machinery Military machinery
Numerical values, see Tab. 2.
Tab. 2 > Non-road pollutant emissions in 2005
Figures rounded up/down.
Machine category
Carbon monoxide (CO)
[tonnes p.a.]
Hydrocarbons (HC)
[tonnes p.a.]
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
[tonnes p.a.]
Particulate matter (PM)
[tonnes p.a.]
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
[tonnes p.a.]
Construction machinery 4,780 777 4,130 269 376,000
Industrial machinery 2,990 341 1,610 124 176,000
Agricultural machinery 20,700 2,570 4,720 393 455,000
Forestry machinery 2,500 643 288 22 31,200
Garden-care/hobby appliances 10,200 1,520 61 0 32,900
Marine machinery 3,590 586 1,240 55 115,000
Railway machinery 287 71 628 23 35,600
Military machinery 27 4 48 2 3,590
Total (nonroad) 45,100 6,510 12,700 887 1,230,000

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 12
Development of non-road emissions from 1980 to 2020
The chronological development of overall non-road emissions is depicted in Figure 2.
Here we can see that emission levels of almost all pollutants considered in this report
increased until 1995. Then from 2002, i.e. when the first EU regulations governing
maximum emission levels entered into effect, emission levels of all pollutants (except
carbon dioxide) began to decrease significantly. The sharpest decline concerns particulate
matter, which is expected to fall to around 20% of the present-day level by 2020.
This is attributable to the introduction of low-emission engines as well as to the assumed
market penetration of particle filters.
Fig. 2 > Relative development of non-road pollutant emissions versus the levels recorded in 2005
The reference year for the development of pollutant emissions is 2005. The trend in emissions of
particulate matter (PM) is based on the development of the inventory of machines retrofitted
with a particle filter (in accordance with Fig. 20).
160%
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC CO NOx PM CO2
Numerical values, see Tab. 43 on page 145.

Summary 13
Comparison with road traffic fuel consumption and emissions
Table 3 shows a direct comparison between non-road segment and road traffic fuel
consumption and emissions in 2005. Non-road emissions of carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides and particulate matter are disproportionately high in comparison
with those attributable to road traffic. Although only 8% of the overall energy consumption
(non-road + road) is attributable to non-road machines and appliances, the
non-road segment’s proportion of overall emissions is between 19% (carbon monoxide)
and 39% (particulate matter).
Tab. 3 > Comparison between non-road segment and road traffic in 2005
Figures rounded up/down.
Non-road segment
[tonnes p.a.]
Road traffic
[tonnes p.a.]
Proportion of non-road segment to
overall level (non-road + road)
Consumption
Diesel 333,300 1,393,400 19%
Petrol 50,600 3,195,600 2%
Energy 16.7 PJ 195 PJ 8%
Pollutant emissions
Carbon monoxide (CO) 45,100 196,000 19%
Hydrocarbons (HC) 6,510 19,800 25%
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 12,700 41,700 23%
Particulate matter (PM) 887 1,390 39%
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1,230,000 14,400,000 8%
Source for road traffic: SAEFL 2004.
Outlook
The emission data presented in this report indicate that major efforts aimed at reducing
air pollution will be required in the next few years in the non-road segment. It is possible,
for example, to greatly reduce emissions of diesel soot with the aid of particle filter
systems. In order for construction machines to comply with the future European exhaust
regulations (EU IIIB and higher, which will be binding from 2012), they will
probably have to be equipped with such systems. Thanks to the already initiated and
constantly increasing retrofitting of older construction machines, by 2010 it should be
possible to halve the level of emissions of particulate matter from such machines
compared with a scenario in which older machines are not retrofitted. As far as other
types of machinery are concerned for which a retrofitting requirement does not apply, a
reduction will only be possible at a considerably later date.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 14
1 > Current situation
Despite increasingly stringent legislation, the level of air pollutants remains too high.
The majority of these emissions are attributable to motorised road traffic, but the nonroad
segment also makes a sizeable contribution. This segment encompasses all mobile
machines and appliances that are equipped with a combustion engine and are not
intended to transport passengers and goods by road.
In an effort to improve air quality, the FOEN and various cantons and municipalities
are implementing or proposing guidelines and measures for reducing levels of non-road
emissions. Until now, FOEN Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a) on non-road pollutant emissions
and fuel consumption was used as the basis, but since the information contained
in this report is now out of date, it was necessary to compile a new data set.

2 > Objectives 15
2 > Objectives
The main purpose of this report is to present up-to-date calculations of non-road pollutant
emissions and fuel consumption in Switzerland.
The calculations were made for eight different categories of machines and appliances:
construction machinery, industrial machinery, agricultural machinery, forestry machinery,
garden-care/hobby appliances, marine machinery, railway machinery, military
machinery. The term “non-road” as used in this report does not refer to all-terrain motor
cars (“offroad vehicles”). It solely refers to mobile machines and appliances that are
not intended to transport passengers and goods by road.
The report covers the period from 1980 and includes forecasts up to 2020, with 2005
serving as reference year. The objective is for the report to provide an overview of the
situation in the non-road segment and to serve as a technical basis for assessing potential
measures aimed at reducing air pollution.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 16
3 > Procedure
The previously existing data relating to the non-road segment were initially compiled
in 1996 in SAEFL Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a). The fundamentals for calculation were
updated within the scope of the studies carried out for this new report, which included
updating the inventories of machines and appliances and their operating hours, reviewing
the fundamentals for emission factors, and improving and refining the calculation
methodology.
The inventories and operating hours had to be reviewed and modified as necessary on
the basis of new statistical material and estimates by specialists. These tasks were
carried out by Jaakko Pöyry Infra (formerly Elektrowatt, EWI), which compiled the
statistics relating to inventories and operating hours in collaboration with other specialists
(cf. A15). The current data are contained in the report called “Neue Offroad-
Datenbank 2000” (“New non-road database 2000”) (EWI 2005).
The revision of emission fundamentals was necessary due to the introduction in 2001
of European exhaust regulations for new non-road engines. These new regulations call
for a constant improvement of new non-road engines in terms of specific emissions of
pollutants, and this development had to be taken into account for calculating emission
factors.
In addition, the emission fundamentals for older engines also had to be revised, and
here the findings from new studies, e. g. the report by the EPA 2 on non-road emissions
(EPA 2004) had to be taken into account. Furthermore, Agroscope ART 3 produced a
set of measurement data for approximately 700 older Swiss tractors, which also yielded
new information relating to specific emissions from non-road engines.
The calculation methodology was improved versus the one used for Report 49, so that
new findings could be incorporated into the present report (e. g. influence of dynamic
utilisation of machines).
2
Environmental Protection Agency (USA).
3
Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon (Agroscope ART) research centre.

4 > Methodology 17
4 > Methodology
4.1 Basic principles
Non-road emissions are primarily calculated on the basis of the following criteria:
> Inventories and operating hours of machines, subdivided into categories, engine
types, engine-power classes and years of manufacture.
> Emission factors are allocated to machines according to engine type and year of
manufacture, which indicate emission levels in grams per kilowatt hour (g/kWh).
Emission factors are classified into emission stages that encompass the period (by
year of manufacture) for which certain emission factors are characteristic for the
various types of machines. For newer machines, the emission stages correspond to
the period from which certain emission limit values are legally binding for the type
of machine concerned.
These two data sets (inventories/hours of operation and emission factors) are used for
calculating the emissions for each grouping of machines (i.e. machines in the same
category, of the same type and engine-power class, and similar year of manufacture, to
which the same emission factors can be allocated). The calculation is done in accordance
with the following formula (cf. A1 on page 115):
Em = N ⋅ H ⋅ P ⋅λ
⋅ε
⋅CF
1
⋅CF2
⋅CF3
Key:
Em = emissions per machine type, pollutant, emission stage
(in grams or tonnes p.a.)
N = number of machines/appliances (inventory)
H = hours of operation (hrs p.a.)
P = mean engine rated power (kW)
λ = effective load factor (dimensionless)
ε = emission factor (g per kWh)
CF 1 = correction factor for deviation of effective load from standard load in
the cycle on which the emission factor is based (dimensionless)
CF 2 = correction factor for dynamic utilisation of the machine
(dimensionless)
CF 3 = correction factor for wear and tear of the machine (dimensionless)
The total non-road emissions per annum can be determined by adding together the data
for all machine groupings per reference year.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 18
The calculation methodology outlined above refers to the four classical pollutants:
carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate
matter (PM). The applied emission factors are machine-related and dependent on
machine operation. By contrast, CO 2 emissions are directly dependent on fuel consumption.
The corresponding conversion factors are indicated in Table 34 on page 134.
4.2 Inventory modelling
4.2.1 Structure
The inventory of non-road machines and appliances was carried out by Jaakko Pöyry
Infra (formerly Elektrowatt, EWI) in collaboration with other specialists (cf. A15)
(EWI 2005). For calculation purposes, the various machines and appliances were
divided into the following eight machine categories in accordance with the CORINAIR
definitions 4 :
> Construction machinery
> Industrial machinery
> Agricultural machinery
> Forestry machinery
> Garden-care/hobby appliances
> Marine machinery
> Railway machinery
> Military machinery
Each of the eight machine categories is divided into sub-categories by machine type,
engine type and engine-power class (Fig. 3). The engine-power classes are in some
cases engine-type and category specific. The resulting sub-categories are referred to as
segments. Appendix A2 contains a list of all machine categories and types.
Fig. 3 > Example of classification structure of non-road database based on composition of a
machine/appliance segment
Machine category
Machine type
Engine type
Engine-power class
4
CORINAIR (CORe INventory of AIR emissions) is a joint project of the European Topic Centre on Air Emissions and the European
Environmental Agency (EEA). The objective here is to collect, manage and publish data relating to air emissions with the aid of a
European air emissions inventory and database system.

4 > Methodology 19
The inventories and operating hours in the reference year were entered for each segment,
and the data formed the basis for projections concerning the evolution of inventories
and operating hours between 1980 and 2020 in intervals of five years. In addition,
an age distribution was indicated for each segment that corresponds to the average
age of the machines and appliances cited in the non-road database (EWI 2005). When
calculating emission levels, this age distribution can be used as the basis for determining
which machines/appliances are to be allocated to which emission stages.
4.2.2 Collection of data
A variety of methods were used for collecting the required data. Questionnaires were
mailed to manufacturers, importers and operators. Where available, use was made of
existing statistics in Switzerland and abroad, e. g. the database of the Swiss Federal
Motor Vehicle Inspection Office. Special workgroups were formed for the purpose of
collecting data relating to specific types of machines and appliances. Due to the relatively
modest volume of statistics available in existing data sets, the various data
collection groups estimated inventories and operating hours based on the evaluation of
questionnaires and the experience of the involved specialists.
In addition to inventory figures, information was provided relating to operating hours,
and to the development of these key data between 1980 and 2020. On top of this, for
each segment the average age of the machines and appliances was estimated, and
assumptions were made with respect to typical trends for their age distribution.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 20
4.2.3 Inventory model
For the period concerned, age distribution and inventory data can be used as the basis
for calculating segment-specific inventory models for the various machine and appliance
categories. In the inventory model, the machines and appliances for each segment
are depicted by age or year of manufacture.
Fig. 4 > Inventory model based on the example of road finishing machines (construction machinery)
Distribution of inventory by year of manufacture in a given reference year. The inventory model
was calculated in accordance with the data from the new non-road database in 5-year intervals.
This explains the angular nature of the curves.
Inventory
500
400
300
200
100
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year of manufacture
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
4.2.4 Operating hours
For each machine type, the number of operating hours was entered specific to the
corresponding engine-power class. In addition, assumptions were made regarding the
development of operating hours of the machines and appliances in each engine-power
class over the period under observation. For this purpose it was assumed that the useful
life of a machine increases in proportion to its engine power. This assumption was
based on information provided in the questionnaires, the findings of groups of experts
(A15) and information obtained from existing literature (IFEU 1999, SBV 2004).

4 > Methodology 21
4.2.5 Dependency of operating hours on age
Newer machines are used more intensively than older ones, and this fact is reflected in
the model through a function for the dependency of operating hours on the age of the
machine. Here, a greater age dependency was assumed for construction machines than
for all other machines. The functions for age dependency are depicted in Figure 5.
Fig. 5 > Reduction of annual operating hours of a machine depending on age
Age dependency of operating hours in accordance with SAEFL 1994.
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Age (= reference year – year of manufacture)
Construction machinery, Industrial machinery (snow groomers)
Agricultural machinery
Industrial machinery, Forestry machinery, Garden-care/hobby appliances, Marine machinery, Railway machinery, Military machinery

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 22
4.2.6 Age distribution of inventories and operating hours
Figure 6 depicts the age distribution of inventories and operating hours for hydraulic
excavators and dumpers (construction machinery). Age distribution varies according to
machine type and engine-power class. Due to the age dependency of operating hours
(see Fig. 5), the age distribution of the latter differs from that of the inventories.
Fig. 6 > Age distribution of inventories and operating hours for hydraulic excavators and dumpers
Reference year 2005.
accumulated
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Age
Inventory Operating hours
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Age
Inventory
Operating hours
Left: Machines that are more than 2 years old account for 12% of the inventory and 14% of the operating hours.
Right: Machines that are more than 8 years old account for 20% of the inventory and 10% of the operating hours.

4 > Methodology 23
4.3 Emission fundamentals
4.3.1 Emission limit values
Emission fundamentals (emission limit values, emission stages, emission and consumption
factors, other influencing factors) vary according to machine type and engine
type. Here the following groups have been defined:
> Diesel-powered machinery (excluding marine and railway machinery)
> Small petrol-powered appliances
> Marine machinery
> Railway machinery
This grouping is based on the construction of the engines on the one hand, and on the
distinction in legislation governing emissions on the other hand. In the EU legislation
governing emissions, diesel-powered machinery in the construction, industrial, agricultural,
forestry and military segments are all grouped together. Marine and railway
diesel engines have to meet separate exhaust emission limit values in the EU within the
scope of the same Directive 97/68/EC (EU 1997), and for this reason they are treated
differently in terms of exhaust requirements.
In Switzerland, only certain categories of non-road machines and appliances are subject
to emission legislation. For example, construction machines are governed by the
Ordinance on Air Pollution Control (Amendment dated 19 September 2008). However,
in this report it is assumed that, in view of the limited size of the Swiss market, all
machines and appliances that are put into operation in Switzerland meet the corresponding
EU regulations.
Diesel engines are of particularly high importance in the non-road segment. By contrast
with road traffic, legislation aimed at limiting emissions from non-road diesel engines
has only entered into force very recently in the EU. Since 2001, non-road machines
that are put into operation in the EU have to meet the emission limit values stipulated
by Directive 97/68/EC (EU 1997). The EU emission limit values are subdivided into
emission stages (EU I to EU IV), with the aim of reducing emissions on a step-by-step
basis. Table 4 presents a selection of emission limit values.
Diesel-powered machinery
(excluding marine and railway
machinery)
With respect to the entry into force of the emission limit values for the individual
machine categories, a distinction was made between construction, industrial and military
machinery on the one hand, and agricultural and forestry machinery on the other.
Table 5 lists the years in which the respective emission limit values were (or are to be)
introduced.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 24
Tab. 4 > EU emission limit values for non-road diesel machines5 (in g per kWh)
Figures in parentheses are limit values for the sum of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions
(HC + NO x ). The emission limit values for carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), and
the values for ships/boats, railway machinery and petrol-powered appliances are listed in A3 on
page 119.
Engine-power class EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
18–37 kW 6 - 8.0 (7.5) - -
37–56 kW 9.2 7.0 (4.7) (4.7) -
56–75 kW 9.2 7.0 (4.7) 3.3 0.4
75–130 kW 9.2 6.0 (4.0) 3.3 0.4
130–560 kW 9.2 6.0 (4.0) 2.0 0.4
Particulate matter (PM)
18–37 kW - 0.8 0.6 - -
37–56 kW 0.85 0.4 0.4 0.025 -
56–75 kW 0.85 0.4 0.4 0.025 0.025
75–130 kW 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.025 0.025
130–560 kW 0.54 0.2 0.2 0.025 0.025
Source: EU 1997.
Tab. 5 > Year of entry into force of EU emission limit values for diesel engines
Figures have been rounded up/down to the respective year.
Enigne-power class EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV
Construction, industrial and military machinery
18–37 kW 4 - 2002 2007 - -
37–56 kW 2002 2004 2008 2013 -
56–75 kW 2002 2004 2008 2012 2014
75–130 kW 2002 2003 2007 2012 2014
>130–560kW 2002 2002 2006 2011 2014
Agricultural and forestry machinery
18–37 kW - 2003 2007 - -
37–56 kW 2003 2004 2008 2013 -
56–75 kW 2003 2004 2008 2012 2014
75–130 kW 2003 2004 2007 2012 2014
>130–560kW - 2003 2006 2011 2014
Source: EU 1997.
5
Separate emission thresholds apply to ships/boats and railway vehicles (see Appendices 3.3.and 3.4).
6
The first engine-power class for EU IIIA is 19 to 37 kW.

4 > Methodology 25
With respect to emission fundamentals for small petrol-powered appliances (chainsaws,
lawn mowers, stampers, vibrators, etc.), a distinction has to be made between
appliances with 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines. The relevant legislation distinguishes
between small hand-held appliances and larger non-hand-held machines. In this report,
this distinction is equated with 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines.
The first EU emission limit values entered into force in 2004 for most small appliances
(A3-2). Here the main aim was to reduce emission levels of hydrocarbons. From EU II
onwards, similar emission limits apply to both 2-stroke (hand-held) and 4-stroke (nonhand-held)
appliances. Exceptions for certain appliance types have not been taken into
account.
Emission regulations distinguish between two groups:
> Ships
> Recreational craft and sports boats.
Due to their size, ships are powered exclusively with diesel engines. Boats can be
equipped with diesel or petrol engines.
Small petrol-powered appliances
Marine machinery
Emission limit values were already specified for both ships and boats in 1993 following
the adoption of an ordinance governing shipping on Lake Constance. These limit
values were incorporated into the exhaust regulations for marine engines (SAV) and
have been binding since 1995 for all bodies of water in Switzerland. In 1996, more
stringent exhaust regulations were specified for Lake Constance, though these were
never incorporated into the SAV and are therefore not binding for other bodies of water
in Switzerland.
The SAV was subsequently revised in 2007 within the scope of the co-ordination of
exhaust regulations throughout Europe, and this meant that recreational craft, sports
boats etc. could now be used on Switzerland’s bodies of water if they meet the requirements
of Directive 2003/44/EC. In this Directive, the emission limit values for
boats equipped with petrol engines are less stringent than those in the previously valid
SAV I, but as before, in Switzerland boats with 2-stroke engines have to meet the more
stringent exhaust requirements for 4-stroke petrol engines.
Ships with an engine power > 37 kW that are used for commercial purposes (i.e. passenger
ships, ferries and cargo ships/barges) have to comply with the emission limit
values stipulated in the ordinance governing shipping on the Rhine, the first level of
which has been binding since 2003. A second level was put into force in July 2007.
Since 2007, ships operated for commercial purposes can also be licensed in accordance
with EU Directive 97/68/EC stage IIIA.
For railway machinery, the International Railway Union (UIC) has been recommending
emission limit values since the 1980s, but these are not legally binding. In the EU,
the exhaust regulations specified in Directive 97/68/EC have applied to railway machinery
since 2005. For emission limit values a distinction is made between locomotives
and motor coaches, but for the engine-power classes under consideration in this
report they are identical.
Railway machinery

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 26
4.3.2 Emission stages
The emission calculation model takes account of emission regulations and the ongoing
improvement of engines in terms of reducing harmful exhaust emissions by means of
emission stages. Here the inventories and operating hours are differentiated further so
that the machines are characterised not only by category, machine type, engine type
and engine-power class, but also by year of manufacture. In this way the relevant
emission limit values can be allocated in accordance with the corresponding legislation,
or in view of their age they belong to the group of machines that are not yet
subject to emission regulations.
Emission factors for diesel-powered machines are differentiated in the calculation
model through emission stages (EU stage I to EU stage IV) in accordance with EU
emission directives (e. g. EU 1997) (see also Fig. 8). Older machines are allocated to
two different stages (Pre-EU A, Pre-EU B). In this way it is possible to take into account
the fact that a reduction of emissions has already been attained before the introduction
of emission limit values, thanks to improved engine technology (e. g. change
from aspirating to turbo engines).
Emission stages for small petrol-powered appliances are based on the two stages of EU
emission legislation. Older appliances that are not yet subject to emission legislation
are allocated to three emission stages (Pre-EU A, Pre-EU B, Pre-EU C) according to
their age. The allocation of older appliances to three different emission stages is indicated
because of the late introduction of emission limit values for small appliances. In
2007, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated a consultation procedure
for tightening up exhaust limits still further with effect from 2010 7 . In the EU
there are at present no signs pointing to a further tightening of emission limits. Nonetheless,
for the projections up to 2020 it was assumed that a further stage (EU III)
would subsequently be introduced.
For ship and boat engines, emission stages for the period from 1995 to 2003 are based
on the SAV exhaust regulations. Stage II of the ordinance governing shipping on Lake
Constance has not been reflected in the model as a separate emission stage.
Older ship engines that are not subject to exhaust regulations have been allocated to a
single emission stage (Pre-SAV). For commercially operated ships (passenger ships,
ferries, cargo ships/barges), engines manufactured after 2003 have to meet the requirements
of the two emission stages of the ordinance governing shipping on the
Rhine, and engines manufactured after 2007/2009 have to comply with EU stage IIIA
(Directive 97/68/EC).
Recreational craft, sports boats, etc. were subject to the requirements of SAV stage I up
to and including year of manufacture 2006. Since 2007 they have to comply with stage
I of the EU Recreational Craft Directive (2003/44/EC). In Switzerland, however, 2-
stroke engines have to meet the more stringent exhaust requirements for 4-stroke petrol
engines. Emission stage II of the ordinance governing shipping on Lake Constance has
Diesel-powered machinery
(excluding marine and railway
machinery)
Small petrol-powered appliances
Marine machinery
7
http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/nonroad/marinesi-equipld/420f07032.pdf

4 > Methodology 27
not been explicitly taken into account for the emission model, since this stage is only
binding for Lake Constance and is only complied with by a very small number of
boats 8 .
The International Union of Railways (UIC) has been issuing recommendations for
emission limit values for railway diesel engines since the 1980s. For years of manufacture
up to 2008 it recommends three emission stages (UIC I to UIC III). In this report,
stages UIC I and UIC II have been used for emission calculations, while UIC III is not
relevant since EU emission limit values have been in effect for railway diesel engines
since 2006. Older railway diesel engines have been allocated to a separate stage (Pre-
EU).
Railway machinery
4.3.3 Emission factors
The emission factors of the various machine and engine types for limited pollutants are
listed in A4 on page 126. In the same way as emission calculations, the list is restricted
to limited pollutants, i.e. pollutants for which legally binding emission limit values
apply, namely carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and
particulate matter (PM).
Each value (= emission factor) listed in A4 is shown against a coloured background
that indicates its source. The basic procedure, assumptions and criteria for determining
these factors are described below.
Machines not subject to emission regulations (older engines)
For older and small machines that are not subject to any regulations, the emission
factors are based on evaluations by engine specialists (members of workgroup, see
A15-5), who rely on three different sources for their information. For diesel engines
these are:
> Data in Non-road Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a), though only measurement data obtained
from ISO cycle C1 were taken into account.
> Information published in the EPA 9 study dated 2004 (EPA 2004).
> Emission levels for particulate matter derived by engine experts under the guidance
of the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Testing and Research (EMPA) from black
smoke measurements carried out by Agroscope ART and IVECO. The Agroscope
measurements were carried out on around 400 tractors between 1979 and 2006.
Since the conversion of black smoke measurements into particulate matter is associated
with various uncertainties 10 , these figures primarily serve to confirm the plausibility
of the emission factors.
Diesel-powered machinery
(excluding marine and railway
machinery)
8
According to the Bavaria State Ministry for Trade, Industry, Transport and Technology, vessels with old engines were operated on Lake
Constance for much longer than normal in order to get round the requirement of retrofitting them with new engines that comply with
stage II (www.bootsport.info).
9
Environmental Protection Agency (USA).
10
International exhaust emission regulations stipulate that particulate matter must be determined gravimetrically. Conversions from black
smoke measurements are not recognised for type approval, but they are nonetheless frequently used by engine manufacturers for
development purposes.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 28
On the basis of the data obtained from these three sources, older engines not subject to
emission regulations (i.e. those manufactured prior to the introduction of EU I) are
classified into two emission stages: engines manufactured before 1996 (Pre-EU A) and
engines manufactured between 1996 and the introduction of EU I (Pre-EU B). In this
way the fact can be taken into account that specific pollutant emissions were already
reduced before the introduction of EU I as the result of improved engine technology
(turbo engines).
Between Pre-EU A and Pre-EU B, for emission factors for particulate matter and nitrogen
oxides a reduction rate is assumed that (based on circumstances in Switzerland)
corresponds to that of the black smoke measurements carried out by Agroscope ART
and IVECO. The mean values of emission factors in these two pre-EU stages were
chosen so that they correspond to the EPA Tier 0 levels. The resulting emission factors
for the first stage (prior to 1996) correspond fairly closely to the measurement readings
for ISO cycle C1 contained in Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a).
Table 6 shows a comparison between the readings for the three data sources and the
emission factors for particulate matter specified by the engine experts. 11
Tab. 6 > Comparison between data from the three sources and the emission factors specified by engine specialists (PM emission levels only)
The figures only concern engines that are not subject to any EU emission regulations. The data from the evaluation of black
smoke measurements primarily serve the purpose of verifying the plausibility of the emission factors.
Engine-power
class
Data from SAEFL Report 49
(ISO cycle C1
measurements only)
EPA
Derived from black smoke
measurements
ART/IVECO/EMPA
Selected emission factors
Power range Engines manufactured

4 > Methodology 29
With respect to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, the same levels are used for both
stages (Pre-EU A and Pre-EU B), namely those of the EPA study for Tier 0. The EPA
criterion is applied for machines < 18 kW. Where this is implausible in the opinion of
the engine specialists, the latter have made estimates based on the three cited sources
(SAEFL Report 49, EPA study and evaluation of black smoke measurements).
Emission factors of petrol engines are assumed in accordance with the data contained
in Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a).
Machines subject to emission regulations (newer engines)
Emission factors of newer engines for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC),
nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) are based on the European emission
limit values described in chapter 4.3.1 (EU 1997). For emission calculations, the
emission limit values are applied after deduction of a tolerance of 10%. If the readings
obtained in the type approval procedure are well below the corresponding limit values,
either the mean level of these readings and the limit value, or the mean level of these
readings plus a manufacturing tolerance of 20%, is used instead of the limit value. The
emission factors used in the model are indicated in A4 on page 126.
Figure 7 shows the emission limit values and the emission factors used in the calculation
model. For each year the emission factors are depicted in grey, whereas the corresponding
emission limit values result as the sum of the grey and coloured parts of the
column. EU IIIA only calls for a limit that combines nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon
emissions (HC + NO x ). In view of this, the combined level is shown in Figure 7 as the
emission limit value for nitrogen oxides. The individual emission factors for nitrogen
oxides and hydrocarbons were derived from the combined figure as follows: the emission
factor for hydrocarbons for EU IIIA was calculated from EU I and EU II, based on
the assumption that the reduction rate from EU II to EU III is identical to that from
EU I to EU II. The emission factor for nitrogen oxides for EU IIIA is based on the
emission limit value for HC + NO x reduced by 10%, less the previously determined
emission factor for hydrocarbons.
With respect to nitrogen oxide emission limit values, with effect from EU IIIB the 37
to 75 kW engine-power class is divided into two segments, namely 37 to 56 kW and 56
to 75 kW (see Fig. 7, top right). This division is not made in the inventories and operating
hours, and for this reason an emission factor for this engine-power class was set
taking the average of the two limit values, less a tolerance of 10%.
Appendix A4-1 (Tab. 24, page 126) lists the emission factors for diesel engines (those
subject to emission regulations as well as those not subject to such regulations), and the
origin of each individual value. Figure 8 shows the emission factors in graph form.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 30
Fig. 7 > Comparison between emission limit values and emission factors
Emission limit values and emission factors as per the figures in Table 4, page 24 (emission limit values) and Table 24, page 126
(emission factors). With respect to the nitrogen oxide emission limit values, with effect from EU IIIB the 37 to 75 kW engine-power class
is divided into two segments, namely 37 to 56 kW (shaded) and 56 to 75 kW (dotted). The emission factor was set to the average of the
two limit values, less a tolerance of 10%. The figure for EU IIIA is a combined limit value for NO x + HC emissions.
For nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Engine-power class 18–37 kW
grams per kWh
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Engine-power class 75–130 kW
grams per kWh
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
For particulate matter (PM)
Engine-power class 18–37 kW
grams per kWh
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Engine-power class 75–130 kW
grams per kWh
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Engine-power class 37–75 kW
grams per kWh
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Engine-power class > 130 kW
grams per kWh
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Engine-power class 37–75 kW
grams per kWh
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Engine-power class > 130 kW
grams per kWh
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV Emission factor

4 > Methodology 31
Fig. 8 > Emission factors for diesel engines by emission stage
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
grams per
kWh
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
grams per
kWh
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Pre-EU A
Pre-EU B
EU I
EU II
EU IIIA
EU IIIB
EU IV
Emission stages
Pre-EU A
Pre-EU B
EU I
EU II
EU IIIA
EU IIIB
EU IV
Emission stages
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
grams per
kWh
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
grams per
kWh
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Pre-EU A
Pre-EU B
EU I
EU II
EU IIIA
EU IIIB
EU IV
Emission stages
Pre-EU A
Pre-EU B
EU I
EU II
EU IIIA
EU IIIB
EU IV
Emission stages
130 kW
Numerical values, see Tab. 24 on page 126.
The emission factors for small appliances (2-stroke and 4-stroke engines) manufactured
after 2004 were obtained from the emission limit values after deduction of a
manufacturing tolerance of 10%. Exceptions for 2-stroke engines are the EU I and
EU II CO limit values, and the EU I HC limit values, which are well above recorded
measurement levels
12 .
Small petrol-powered appliances
The emission factors for older engines (manufactured prior to 2004) that are not subject
to emission regulations (= Pre-EU) are based on assumptions deduced from measurement
levels (INFRAS 2008) and figures reported in similar studies (IFEU 2004). The
assumptions were also made in collaboration with representatives of Euromot.
The emission factors for marine machinery are largely based on the limit values of the
SAV that entered into effect in 1995. Here the emission limit levels have been adopted,
Marine machinery
12
According to the results of measurements carried out by BNM Research (BNM 2000), small 2-stroke appliances emit around 450 g per
kWh of CO. The threshold for CO is 805 g per kWh.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 32
less a tolerance of 10%. For boats, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing
and Research EMPA has produced detailed information on limit value utilisation,
which forms the basis for specifying the corresponding emission factors. The emission
factors for ships/boats that are not subject to emission regulations (i.e. those manufactured
before 1995 or equipped with small engines) are based on assumptions, in some
cases taking into account emission levels of other machine categories into account.
The emission factors for machines not subject to emission regulations correspond to
the emission limit recommendations of the UIC. The emission factors for much older
engines (year of manufacture prior to 1982) are additionally based on emission factors
for diesel-powered machines with the same year of manufacture. The emission factors
for engines manufactured after 2006 correspond to the EU limit values from EU IIIa,
less a tolerance of 10%.
Railway machinery
Table 7 lists the emission levels of two types of railway machinery that are widely used
by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) and for which measurement results exist. The figures
in parentheses represent the corresponding emission factors according to the UIC. Only
the figures for nitrogen oxides are fairly similar. With respect to HC and CO emissions,
locomotive type Am 843 has a significantly lower level than the UIC figure (and is also
well below the EU emission limits, which have only been applicable since 2006). Since
corresponding data do not exist for all other types of railway machinery, the emission
calculations are nonetheless based on the UIC emission factors, particularly since
evaluations of vehicles operated by German Railways (DB) (IFEU 2003) show that
levels for the various vehicles vary considerably.
Tab. 7 > Emission levels of two railway machines widely used by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB)
Railway
machine
Tm 234
Machine type
Railway
tractor
Engine Emission Number
Emissions factors (g/kWh)
rated power stage
HC CO NOX PM
550 kW UIC-I 98 1.1 (0.8) 4.0 (3.0) 7.0 (12.0) 0.15 (0.5)
Am 843 Locomotive 1500 kW UIC-II 73 0.2 (0.8) 0.7 (3.0) 8.9 (9.5) 0.1 (0.25)
The figures in parentheses represent the UIC emission factors (as per Tab. 33 on page 133).
4.3.4 Sub-segments
For the purpose of allocating machines to emission stages, the main segments (machines
distinguished by machine type, engine type and engine-power class) are divided
into sub-segments that comprise machines with a similar year of manufacture (according
to emission stages). The sub-segments thus cover machines of all years of manufacture
in which a certain emission stage applied.

4 > Methodology 33
Fig. 9
> Derivation of a sub-segment from main segment and emission stage
According to this diagram, emission stage i is binding for all new machines manufactured
after year a 1 .
Emission stage 1: machines manufactured after year a1
Segment
Emission stage 2: machines manufactured after year a2
Emission stage n: machines manufactured after year an
The precise specification of which emission stage applies from which year is based on
the times of entry into effect of the legally binding emission limit value for a given
category. The assumed years of entry into effect are shown in A4 on page 126, together
with the emission factors. For the period after 2014 the year of introduction of additional
emission stages is still uncertain.
How quickly engines that meet the corresponding limits penetrate an inventory depends
on the respective age distributions. Figure 10 depicts the situation for road finishing
machines as an example.
Fig. 10 > Depiction of emission stages for road finishing machines (construction machinery)
All road finishing machines that have been in use in the EU since 2001, and which it is assumed
are also used in Switzerland, meet at least the requirements of EU I. It is assumed that older
machines will be taken out of circulation by 2015 at the latest. The inventory model was
calculated in accordance with the data from the new non-road database in 5-year intervals,
hence the angular curves.
Inventory
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
Pre-EU A Pre-EU B EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV EU V

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 34
4.3.5 Fuel consumption
Non-road fuel consumption is calculated using the same methodology as for pollutant
emissions. The fuel consumption factors of the various machine and engine types are
listed in A4 on page 126.
The consumption factors applied to diesel-powered machines are based on the data of
the Environmental Protection Agency (USA) (EPA 2004). In line with the method used
by the EPA, no chronological distinction of consumption factors in dependency on
emission stages is made.
The consumption factors for petrol-powered appliances are based on data in test reports
carried out by the German Agricultural Society (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft)
(DLG 2008). The reduction of consumption in dependency on emission stages
was chosen so that it runs parallel to hydrocarbon emissions.
The consumption factors for ships/boats were adopted in accordance with the data contained
in Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a). Due to the lower level of efficiency, the consumption
factors of steamships are significantly higher than those for motor vessels.
The consumption factors for railway vehicles are based on the measurements of the
IFEU (IFEU 2003) and on information provided by manufacturers of locomotives used
by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB).
Diesel-powered machinery
(excluding marine and railway
machinery)
Small petrol-powered appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
4.3.6 Influencing factors
Emission levels and the fuel consumption of machines can be influenced by a variety
of factors, as a result of which the effective emission and consumption levels may
deviate from the underlying values. Where such influences can be identified, they are
adjusted with the aid of correction factors (CF).
As a rule, machines are operated at partial load. This means that, for calculation of
emissions the engine rated power has to be reduced by a load factor to the effective
engine power. Load factors vary according to type and age of the machine
13 . A6 on
page 135 contains a list of the load factors for the various machine categories and
types.
Load (CF1)
In the case of diesel machines, the emission and consumption factors refer to use at
48% of full load. This corresponds to the mean load of the ISO C1 non-road measurement
cycle. In practice, however, certain machines are operated at a different mean
load (for example, diesel railway vehicles in Switzerland are primarily used for shunting
operations at low engine load), and this means that the standard load factor for
13
A dependency of the load factor on the age of the machine only applies to agricultural tractors, since unlike other machine types, old
tractors continue to be used for many more years, but are often only required to perform less demanding tasks with correspondingly low
engine loads.

4 > Methodology 35
these machine categories has to be adjusted. The load factors effectively attributed to
the various machine categories and types are listed in A6 on page 135.
Since the specific consumption in particular greatly depends on the load, for diesel
machines that are operated at a mean load that deviates from the ISO measurement
cycle, an adjustment of the consumption factor has to be made via the load factor. This
adjustment is calculated on the basis of the following formula:
CF 1 = 2.0095 – 2.1981 · Δ LF + 1.1886 · Δ LF
2
Key:
CF 1 = correction factor for consumption if the effective load deviates from
the standard load (i.e. from ISO 8178-4 cycle C1)
Δ LF = ratio of effective load to standard load
(i.e. from ISO cycle C1)
The effect of this adjustment is that the specific consumption at an effective load factor
of 20% is around 30% higher than at the ISO load factor of 48%.
Due to a lack of background data, this adjustment takes account of consumption, but
not emissions.
Emission factors are obtained from stationary measurements (ISO C1 measurement
cycle). But if in practice a machine is operated very dynamically (frequently changing
load), this has an influence on its emissions, and this is taken into account when calculating
the emission levels by applying suitable dynamic operation factors for the various
machine categories and types. A7 on page 138 contains a list of machine categories
and types with dynamic pollutant emissions. The applied dynamic operation factors are
based on data produced by the EPA (EPA 2004), and are differentiated by emission
stage, since depending on the engine technology concerned the influence of dynamic
operation may be higher, lower or negligible (aspiration engines). Dynamic operation
factors are only used for certain diesel machine types for carbon monoxide and particulate
matter.
Dynamic use (CF2)
Tab. 8 > Dynamic operation factors for certain diesel machine types
Dynamic use (CF 2 ).
Emission stage CO HC, NOX PM
Pre-EU A (before 1995, aspiration engines) 1.53 1.00 1.00
From 1996 to EU II 1.53 1.00 1.23
EU IIIA 1.53 1.00 1.47
From EU IIIB 1.00 1.00 1.00

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 36
The level of an engine’s fuel consumption and pollutant emissions depends on its age,
and in the emissions model this is taken into account using a deterioration (wear and
tear) factor. Different assumptions relating to wear and tear are made, depending on the
pollutant. The influence of wear and tear is calculated using the deterioration factors
indicated in Table 9.
Wear and tear (CF3)
Tab. 9 > Deterioration factors
Wear and tear (CF 3 ).
Engine type
Period of
CO HC NOX PM Consumption
deterioration (Ph)
Max. Max. Max. Max. Max.
2-stroke petrol 100 hrs 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2
4-stroke petrol 500 hrs 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2
Diesel 2000 hrs 1.1 1.2 1.15 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0
The correction factor for the wear and tear of a machine (CF 3 ) can be calculated using
the deterioration factors (Tab. 9) and the number of operating hours to date. In the case
of diesel engines, for example, the PM emission factor increases by 10% every 2000
hours, the maximum increase is 20%, i.e. even after the number of operating hours
surpasses 4000 the emission factor is only increased by 20%.
Key
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎜
CF ( Alter ) = Verschlechterungsfaktor⎝
3
Re fjahr
∑
n=
Alter
H( n )
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎟
⎠
P
h
CF 3
H
P h
= correction factor for wear and tear (dimensionless)
= annual hours of operation at a certain age of the machine (hrs p.a.)
= period of deterioration (hrs)
In the model, in the case of diesel engines the maximum correction factor for the wear
and tear of a machine is attained after approximately 3800 hours of operation, after
which it is assumed that no further deterioration occurs.

4 > Methodology 37
4.3.7 Particle filters
The purpose of particle filters is to efficiently reduce emissions of particulate matter
from diesel engines. In order to meet the emission limit value for particulate matter
specified by EU IIIB, engines probably need to be fitted with particle filters. EU stage
IIIB only applies to engines with a rated power > 37 kW, but according to the relevant
EU Directive, as of 2011 construction machines with a rated power > 130 kW will be
the first group that has to meet this requirement. In accordance with the clean-air
guidelines for the construction industry and the Ordinance on Air Pollution Control
(Amendment dated 19 September 2008), some construction machines already have to
be operated with particle filters now. This Swiss requirement had the effect that machines
that are not subject to emission regulations, or for which lower levels apply than
specified in EU IIIB, have been retrofitted with a particle filter system. This is taken
especially into account in the emission calculation model:
> In the case of diesel engines, for inventories for each segment the proportion of
machines retrofitted with a particle filter is indicated or estimated. This proportion
refers to all retrofittable machines, i.e. all machines that are not fitted with a particle
filter system in the factory.
> Since it is above all more recent machines that are retrofitted with particle filter
systems 14 , the calculations for the model are based on the assumption that in each
case the newest machines in the inventory of retrofittable machines have in fact been
retrofitted.
> The particle emissions and fuel consumption of machines that have been retrofitted
with particle filters are adjusted to the corresponding emission levels (particulate
matter, – 90%; particle count, – 95%, fuel consumption + 3%) using a correction factor.
14
For both economic and technical reasons, generally speaking it is only more recent machines that are retrofitted with particle filter
systems. With older machines, there is a greater risk of technical complications due to increased smoke emissions. Furthermore, the
remaining service life of an older machine is shorter, which means that retrofitting is less economically viable.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 38
5 > Inventories and operating hours
5.1 Inventories in 2005
Figure 11 shows the distribution of inventories (no. of non-road machines and appliances)
for 2005. 60% of the approximately 1.27 million machines and appliances
belong to the garden-care/hobbies category, while the second-largest category is agricultural
machinery. Construction machinery only accounts for 4% of the overall inventory.
With respect to engine type, petrol engines represent the largest proportion of the
inventory of non-road machines. Here, the number of 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines in
operation is more or less equal. There is also a small number of gas-operated machines
(forklifts, etc.) and steam-powered ships. For the latter, the steam is exclusively generated
using extra-light heating oil. For the purpose of calculating fuel consumption, this
is added to the figure for diesel consumption unless it is reported separately.
Fig. 11 > Inventories in 2005 by machine category
Reference year, 2005.
By machine category
By engine type
total: 1.27 Mio.
764,000
82,600
1260
1340
47,400
22,700
421,000
2550
246,000
340,000
12,700
602,000
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Diesel
Petrol (4-stroke)
Petrol (2-stroke)
Gas
Steam
Numerical values, see Tab. 10 on page 42.

5 > Inventories and operating hours 39
5.2 Chronological development of inventories from 1980 to 2020
Over the past few years, the total number of non-road machines equipped with a combustion
engine has increased due to the trend in the garden-care/hobby appliances
category. A slight reduction in the overall inventory is to be anticipated in the future,
primarily as a result of the trend in the use of construction, agricultural and forestry
machinery. The main reason why the reduction in the number of agricultural machines
is not more pronounced despite the sharp decline in agricultural operations 15 is that old
agricultural machines are not disposed of as quickly as other machines. The registration
costs for a tractor are very low, and there is therefore no incentive to cancel the registration
of an old tractor. Furthermore, there is no shortage of space on (former) agricultural
premises, and this means there is not such a pressing need to dispose of old
machines.
Fig. 12 > Development of inventories by machine category from 1980 to 2020
in million
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Numerical values, see Tab. 37 on page 139.
If we take a look at the inventories by engine type (Fig. 13) we can see that the number
of machines/appliances with 4-stroke petrol engines increases, while the number of 2-
stroke engines will decrease in the future. The number of diesel engines increased
slightly in the past few years, and is expected to remain more or less stable in the near
future.
15
The number of agricultural businesses fell by almost a third in the period from 1990 to 2005 (Swiss Federal Statistical Office, 2007).

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 40
Fig. 13 > Development of inventories by engine type
in million
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Diesel Petrol (4-stroke) Petrol (2-stroke) Gas Steam
A look at the development of inventories of diesel machines by engine-power classes
shows that the number with large engines is increasing, while the number with smaller
engines is tending to decrease (Fig. 14). This trend applies especially to machines with
an engine power between 130 and 300 kW, the number of which is expected to quadruple
in the period from 1980 to 2020.
Fig. 14 > Development of inventory of machines with diesel engines by engine-power class
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW

5 > Inventories and operating hours 41
5.3 Operating hours in 2005
The picture with respect to operating hours is quite different from that for inventories,
since the specific operating hours vary considerably from category to category
(Fig. 15). The specific operating hours of industrial machines, for example, are very
high, whereas gardening/hobby appliances are only used sporadically. In the reference
year (2005), the specific operating hours of construction machines (i.e. operating hours
per machine and year) were around 14 times higher than those of garden-care/hobby
appliances. As a comparison between Figure 16 (left) and Figure 11 (left) shows, construction
machinery accounts for a much higher proportion of the total operating hours
than of the total inventories. And as we can see from Figure 16 (right) and Figure 11
(right), petrol engines account for a much lower proportion of the total operating hours
than of the total inventories.
Fig. 15 > Average operating hours per machine/appliance per year
Reference year, 2005.
Specific operating hrs p.a.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Construction
machinery
Industrial
machinery
Agricultural
machinery
Forestry
machinery
Gardencare/hobby
appliances
Marine
machinery
Railway
machinery
Military
machinery
130 kW
Numerical values, see Tab. 10.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 42
Fig. 16 > Breakdown of operating hours
Reference year, 2005.
By machine category
total: 97.4 million hrs p.a.
20.8
3.3
0.8
By engine type
13.8
1.8
2.6
18.3
25.2
56.6
36.6
15.0
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Diesel
Petrol (4-stroke)
Petrol (2-stroke)
Gas
Steam
The corresponding numerical values are shown in Tab. 10 below.
Tab. 10 > Non-road inventories and operating hours for 2005
Reference year, 2005; Figures rounded up/down.
Machine category Inventory Operating hrs
[million hrs p.a.]
Specific operating hrs p.a.
130 kW
Construction machinery 47,400 18.3 290 330 460 490 540
Industrial machinery 22,700 15.0 300 690 660 640 710
Agricultural machinery 340,000 36.6 60 70 170 310 260
Forestry machinery 12,700 2.6 130 310 540 740 960
Garden-care/hobby appliances 764,000 20.8 30 - - - -
Marine machinery 82,600 3.3 30 50 50 40 50
Railway machinery 1,260 0.77 - - 440 420 770
Military machinery 1,340 0.07 - 100 70 60 50
Total 1,270,000 97.4

5 > Inventories and operating hours 43
5.4 Chronological development of operating hours from 1980 to 2020
The chronological development of operating hours of non-road machines and appliances
shows a marked increase during the period concerned, especially for industrial
machines and garden-care/hobby appliances. A slight reduction in the total number of
operating hours is expected in the future, with little change in terms of structure.
Fig. 17 > Development of operating hours of non-road machines/appliances
in million hrs p.a.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Numerical values, see Tab. 38 on page 139.
Fig. 18 > Development of operating hours per machine/appliance per year
Relative change versus reference year (2005).
150%
140%
130%
120%
110%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Numerical values, see Tab. 39 on page 139.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 44
With respect to the development of specific operating hours (i. e. hours per machine/appliance
and year, see Fig. 18), the graph shows a sharp increase (70%) for
construction machines, from 230 hrs p.a. in 1980 to 390 in 2020. By contrast, a reduction
in average operating hours by 29% is anticipated for agricultural machinery, from
140 hrs p.a. in 1980 to 100 in 2020.
Figure 19 shows the development of operating hours by engine-power class for all
diesel-powered non-road machines. The picture is similar to that for the development
of inventories by engine-power class (Fig. 14). The structural changes (trend towards
more powerful machines) are more apparent than is the case for inventories. The total
operating hours of machines with an engine power between 130 and 300 kW, the
inventory of which quadruples in the period from 1980 to 2020, increase by a factor of
5.6 during the same period.
Fig. 19 > Development of operating hours of diesel machines by engine-power class
in million hrs p.a.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW

5 > Inventories and operating hours 45
5.5 Development of inventory of machines equipped with a particle filter system
To date, the inventory of machines with diesel engines that have been retrofitted with a
particle filter is fairly low (around 30% for large construction machinery 16 ). Non-road
machines will probably be manufactured with integrated particle filters after EU IIIB
enters into effect. For machines with an engine power > 130 kW, this stage will apply
from 2011, while for all machines with an engine power > 37 kW it will apply from
2013. In this study, the assumed development of the inventory of retrofitted machines,
i.e. those put into operation before the entry into effect of EU IIIB and which were not
equipped with an integrated particle filter, is based on the forecasts of the FOEN,
which in turn are based on data provided by manufacturers of particle filters regarding
sales figures to date and estimated future sales. These data refer to construction, industrial,
military, agricultural and forestry machinery. Data relating to the status of retrofitting
of marine machinery were obtained from the consultation procedure concerning
the revision of the SAV, while figures for railway machinery were provided by the
SBB (SER 2005). For industrial and military machinery the same development is
assumed as for construction machines. Since legal provisions concerning particle filters
are under discussion, the anticipated development shown in Figure 20 is uncertain.
Fig. 20 > Anticipated development of inventory of machines equipped or retrofitted with a particle filter
The development up to 2005 corresponds to the sales figures for particle filter systems
in Switzerland. The figures for the period after 2005 are based on the trend anticipated
by the FOEN.
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery 37 kW
Agricultural/forestry machinery 37–75 kW
Marine machinery >37 kW
Construction machinery 18–37 kW
Agricultural/forestry machinery 18–37 kW
Agricultural/forestry machinery >75 kW
Railway machinery >37 kW
16
Sources: reports from manufacturers/retrofitters of particle filter systems concerning installed filter systems in Switzerland, and data from
TTM 2004.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 46
6 > Inventories and operating hours
of the individual machine categories
6.1 Construction machinery
The division of construction machines into sub-categories is largely based on the
classification system used by CORINAIR. The figures concerning the inventory and
operating hours have been estimated by specialists in the workgroup using the data in
the database of the Swiss Federal Vehicle Inspection Office and with the aid of an
adjustment factor for non-registered machines. There are no official statistics other
than those in the above database. The division by engine-power classes was carried out
on the basis of available data, together with information provided by the manufacturers
and the Swiss Association of Master Builders (SBV). The estimate of specific operating
hours for individual machines was based on available literature (SBV 1999, IFEU
2004), building and population statistics for Switzerland (FSO 2002) and experience of
specialists in the workgroup. Here, assumptions were made regarding the higher or
lower degree of utilisation of construction machines, depending on the market situation.
Inventory
Figure 21 shows the inventory of construction machines by machine type (top left: only
types with an inventory > 1000 machines) and engine-power class (top right). The largest
group is stampers/vibrators (10,500 17 ), followed by compressors (8080) and
hydraulic excavators (8000). Three-quarters of construction machines are operated
with diesel engines, while it is only stampers/vibrators and emergency power generators
that primarily use petrol engines. In terms of engine power, the distribution of
construction machines is fairly even among all engine-power classes up to 300 kW.
Operating hours and their chronological development from 1980 to 2020
The development of operating hours of construction machines by engine-power class
and engine type is depicted in the lower half of Figure 21. Here the assumption is that,
following a sharp increase in operating hours between 1980 and 1995, a slight decline
in activity is to be expected in the next few years. At the same time, a shift takes place
from small (petrol-powered) appliances to large diesel machines and in the direction of
a rationalisation effect, i.e. the specific operating hours per machine increase (not
apparent from the lower half of Fig. 21).
17
10,500 = 5650+1850+3000 (2-stroke and 4-stroke petrol plus diesel)

6 > Inventories and operating hours of the individual machine categories 47
Fig. 21 > Construction machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of operating hours
Top left: only types with an inventory > 1000 machines. Reference year for inventory, 2005.
Inventories by machine type
Inventories by engine-power class
total: 47,350
1250
4120
2450
5650
3180
18
5650
8080
1850
7770
5150
3000
2050
6540
4000
8000
10,700
6900
8340
Rolling mill engines of all types
Hand-operated stampers, vibrators
Hydraulic excavators
Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types
Dumpers and tippers
Emergency power supply systems/generators
Compressors of all types
Other machine types (je

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 48
6.2 Industrial machinery
In order to calculate the inventories of forklifts and sweepers/cleansing machines,
information had to be obtained from importers. The figures for other machines were
primarily taken from the database of the Swiss Federal Vehicle Inspection Office.
In the category of industrial machinery, only relatively large machines have been
listed. Smaller appliances such as drills and milling machines have been categorised
under garden-care/hobby appliances. Stationary diesel engines (e. g. for emergency
power generators) have not been considered here, since the term “nonroad” as used in
this report only refers to mobile machines and appliances.
Inventory
As we can see from Figure 22 (top left), this category is dominated by forklifts. Those
used indoors are normally operated with gas (mostly propane). This applies to 16% of
all forklifts. In most cases, the engine power is between 18 and 75 kW.
Much more powerful machines (up to 340 kW) are used for ski-slope services.
Operating hours and their development from 1980 to 2020
According to data provided by the main importers, the inventory of forklifts more than
doubled in the period from 1980 to 2000. However, no further growth is anticipated in
the future. This trend can be seen from the development of operating hours depicted in
the lower half of Figure 22.
Due to the high level of specific operating hours for forklifts (700 hours p.a.) and snow
groomers, which according to information provided by manufacturers are in operation
for around 700 hours p.a. on average, the total number of operating hours for industrial
machinery in 2005 was 15.0 million, despite the relatively small inventory 18 .
18
By way of comparison: the total figure for construction machinery was 18.3 million hours in 2005.

6 > Inventories and operating hours of the individual machine categories 49
Fig. 22 > Industrial machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of operating hours
Reference year for inventory, 2005.
Inventories by machine type
total: 22,700
500
13,600
Forklifts of all types
Sweepers and cleansers
Industrial lifting platforms
Industrial tractors
Snow groomers
Petrol (4-stroke)
Gas
Diesel
1600
324
2380
948
850
2550
Inventories by engine-power class
6630
9170

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 50
6.3 Agricultural machinery
The inventories and operating hours for agricultural machines were projected by
Agroscope ART on the basis of the figures obtained from the 1996 and 2003 censuses
of agricultural operations. The information in the Swiss Federal Vehicle Inspection
Office (EFKO) database could only be used to a limited extent, partly because only
some machines are registered (particularly small machines such as single-axle mowers
and single-axle tractors), but also because some registered tractors are not used for
agricultural purposes. This primarily concerns older models, but also tractors used in
forestry and for the care of public areas such as woodlands and parks. The latter are
included under “forestry machinery” in the “haulers” sub-category, while old models
of tractors are listed under “hobby tractors”. The inventory of chainsaws in the agricultural
segment was based on the number of existing agricultural businesses (63,600 in
2005). The assumption here was that each operation has at least one chainsaw, and
every second one has two chainsaws.
Inventory
Figure 23 (top left) shows that more than half the agricultural machines are petrol-powered.
This primarily concerns chainsaws (95,000) and single-axle mowers (72,560).
Tractors account for 63% of the inventory of diesel-powered machines (107,750 in
2005). The majority of tractors (60%) have an engine rated power between 37 and
75 kW (average for all vehicles: 59 kW).
Operating hours and their development from 1980 to 2020
The specific operating hours of agricultural machines were calculated by Agroscope
ART using three criteria:
> Cultivated areas: calculation of necessary hours of operation based on area of cultivated
land
> Second-hand tractors: estimate of number of operating hours of second-hand tractors
> Calculations based on fuel consumption figures recorded by the Directorate General
of Customs (OZD).
Based on new calculations made from updated operating hours of agricultural vehicles
for the management of cultivated areas of land (Ammann 2007), Agroscope ART cites
the mean operating hours of tractors as 200 hours p.a. This figure represents an average
for the entire tractor fleet, and takes account of the large number of old tractors with a
very low number of operating hours.

6 > Inventories and operating hours of the individual machine categories 51
Fig. 23 > Agricultural machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of operating hours
Reference year for inventories, 2005.
Inventories by machine type
Inventories by engine-power class
total: 340,000
2400
14,700
18,900 5330
95,000
72,600
95,000
83,800
6750
22,500
12,000
2200
3730
108,000
53,800
8220
75,000
Single-axle mowers
Tractors (agriculture)
Combine harvesters
Spraying machines
Field choppers
Twin-axle mowers
Transporters and loaders
Farmyard loaders
Chainsaws (agriculture)
Tractors (household)
Petrol (4-stroke)
Petrol (2-stroke)
Diesel

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 52
6.4 Forestry machinery
The figures recorded by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) and contained in the
inventories database include very little information relating to the inventory of forestry
machinery. For this reason, the inventory is mainly based on estimates by specialists in
the workgroup, and information provided by manufacturers. In this inventory, tractors
are listed as “haulers”.
Inventory
As we can see from Figure 24 (top left: only types with an inventory > 100 machines),
the majority of machines used in the forestry sector are hand-held petrol-powered
appliances (primarily chainsaws and cutters). Most of the diesel-powered equipment
takes the form of tractors (i.e. haulers).
Operating hours and their chronological development from 1980 to 2020
Thanks to efficiency measures, the total number of operating hours of machines in the
forestry sector is falling sharply, though the proportion of machines with high-power
engines is increasing (Fig. 24, bottom).

6 > Inventories and operating hours of the individual machine categories 53
Fig. 24 > Forestry machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of operating hours
Top left: only types with an inventory > 100 machines. Reference year for inventory, 2005.
By machine type
By engine-power class
total: 12,700
1380
110
284
1,050
66
5845220
1880
6900
2200
11,000
Chainsaws (forestry)
Cutters
Other small appliances
Haulers
Forestry Forwarder
Other machine types (je

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 54
6.5 Garden-care/hobby appliances
This category covers all small appliances that are used by professionals and by private
households. In addition to garden-care equipment, these include golf carts, motor sleds,
snow blowers, cleaning appliances, grinders and drills.
Here the inventory was made on the basis of information provided by manufacturers
and importers, and estimates by specialists in the workgroup. The average inventory
was calculated by taking the estimated sales figures and the average service life of the
appliances. The operating hours were derived from the life cycles of the respective
machines.
The division of inventories by engine type (primarily petrol-powered appliances) and
engine-power class was made by distinguishing between hand-held and other appliances.
Here it was assumed that hand-held appliances are equipped with 2-stroke petrol
engines, while non-hand-held appliances are operated with 4-stroke petrol engines.
This was based on technical specifications provided by manufacturers and importers.
Inventory
Figure 25 (top left: only types with an inventory > 8000 machines) shows that a very
large majority of small appliances with a combustion engine are used for garden-care
purposes by private households (lawn mowers, motor scythes, etc.). Apart from these,
the only other appliances used to a notable extent are snow blowers.
The various appliances use very small engines (2-stroke engines, 20 to 50 cc, 4-stroke
engines, 50 to 225 cc) – see Figure 25, top right. This corresponds to an output of less
than 18 kW. 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines each account for approximately 50% of the
inventory.
Operating hours and chronological development from 1980 to 2020
The development of the inventory and operating hours is based on estimates by specialists
in the workgroup. Here it was assumed that the inventory increased significantly in
the period from 1980 to 2000. During the same period, the figures relating to operating
hours have hardly changed (Fig. 25, bottom). It is anticipated that, as the consequence
of tighter regulations governing maximum emission levels, there will be a clear shift
from 2-stroke to 4-stroke engines in the future, which will result in the gradual replacement
of 2-stroke engines by new, smaller 4-stroke engines (< 50 cc).

6 > Inventories and operating hours of the individual machine categories 55
Fig. 25 > Garden-care/hobby appliances: inventories in 2005 and development of operating hours
Top left: only types with an inventory > 8000 machines. Reference year for inventory, 2005.
By machine type
By engine-power class
total: 764,000
22,800
20,000
96,600
10,000
30,400 39,300
23,600
142,000
389,000
15,000
36,000
252,000
15,800
11,400
352,000
42,500
4280
24,400
Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional)
Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household)
Lawn mowers (professional)
Lawn mowers (household)
Ride-on mowers (household)
Chainsaws (household)
Mill cutters/chopping machines (household)
Snow blowers (household)
Other machine types (

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 56
6.6 Marine machinery
The inventories of ships and boats in Switzerland are well documented thanks to the
data recorded by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office, the relevant cantonal authorities
and the province of Vorarlberg. The statistics kept by the latter record the inventory of
boats in the region of Lake Constance, differentiated by engine-power classes. Since no
corresponding statistics exist for Switzerland’s lakes, the size distribution of boats for
Lake Constance was assumed to be representative for Switzerland’s bodies of water.
The distribution of passenger ships, ferries and cargo vessels/barges by engine-power
classes was made on the basis of information provided by marine transport operators.
The fact that many vessels are equipped with more than one engine was taken into
account in the distribution by engine-power classes. The mean engine power in the
class > 560 kW was based on the effective motorisation of ships on Switzerland’s
lakes, and was around 770 kW in 2005.
The operating hours of boats were estimated by specialists in the workgroup. The
utilisation of passenger ships was based on information provided by operators, while
the corresponding figures for cargo vessels/barges were based on information provided
by the two Basel cantons.
Inventory
Figure 26 (top left) shows that 99% of motor boats on Switzerland’s lakes are hired or
privately owned boats and yachts, while the remainder are used for professional fishing
and commercial operations. In addition, in 2005 there were 142 passenger ships,
14 steamboats, 8 ferries and 240 cargo vessels/barges in operation. This list does not
include military vessels, which are included in the category of military machinery (see
section 6.8).
Operating hours and their chronological development from 1980 to 2020
In the marine machinery category, the average annual operating hours vary enormously.
While recreational craft (yachts, hired and privately-owned motor boats) are
only used sporadically (average = 30 hrs p.a.), the average operating hours of ships and
boats used for professional purposes are very high: 500 hrs p.a. for fishing boats, cargo
vessels/barges, etc., 1200 hrs p.a. for passenger ships, 3500 hrs p.a. for ferries (numerical
values, see Tab. 40 on page 140).
As we can see from the bottom half of Figure 26, the proportion of vessels equipped
with a petrol engine has fallen slightly. No significant changes are anticipated with
respect to the inventories of ships and boats.

6 > Inventories and operating hours of the individual machine categories 57
Fig. 26 > Marine machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of operating hours
Reference year for inventory, 2005.
By machine type
By engine-power class
total: 82,600
4100
236
5810
1150
6850
2370 111
124
16,100
5880
5750
739
42,600
11,700
15,600
948
188
11,000
1190
8110
24,500
Motorised yachts
Fishing & other commercial boats
Hire and privately owned motor boats
Passenger ships
Cargo ships/barges
Petrol (4-stroke)
Petrol (2-stroke)
Diesel
560 kW
Petrol (4-stroke)
Petrol (2-stroke)
Diesel
Development of operating hours
million hrs p.a.
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW
Petrol (4-stroke) Petrol (2-stroke) Diesel
The colour coding distinguishes the machine types (top left) and engine-power classes (top right and bottom), while the shading indicates the
engine type. Numerical values, see Tab. 40 on page 140.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 58
6.7 Railway machinery
Most of the railway vehicles in Switzerland that are equipped with a combustion
engine take the form of shunting locomotives, railway tractors and service vehicles
(e. g. cranes, snow blowers, stamping machines). Shunting locomotives have a higher
engine power than tractors. The inventory and utilisation data for locomotives can be
taken from the figures of the Swiss Federal Statistical Office. The inventory and operating
hours for tractors have to be based on information provided by Swiss Federal
Railways (SBB) and the Swiss Federal Office of Transport (FOT).
Inventory
Figure 27 (top left) shows that the majority of the railway vehicles in Switzerland that
are equipped with a combustion engine take the form of railway tractors. The number
of diesel locomotives is comparatively low, but by comparison with diesel machines in
other categories, the engine power of diesel railway vehicles is relatively high.
Operating hours and their chronological development from 1980 to 2020
According to data provided by Swiss Federal Railways, the inventory and specific
operating hours of diesel railway vehicles have increased sharply over the past few
years. For example, SBB Cargo has recently purchased several powerful AM 842
locomotives. This trend is also apparent from the distribution of engine power of diesel
railway vehicles, which has clearly shifted in favour of more powerful models.

6 > Inventories and operating hours of the individual machine categories 59
Fig. 27 > Railway machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of operating hours
Reference year for inventory, 2005.
By machine type
total: 1260
126
By engine-power class
163
346
126
172
773
198
214
359
Service vehicles
Shunting locomotives
Railway tractors
Service vehicles
37–75 kW
75–130 kW
130–300 kW
300–560 kW
>560 kW
Development of operating hours
million hrs p.a.
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
>560 kW 300–560 kW 130–300 kW 75–130 kW 37–75 kW
Numerical values, see Tab. 40 on page 140.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 60
6.8 Military machinery
The inventory and operating hours of military machinery are based on recent data
provided by the military authorities (defence and logistics basis). The inventory in this
report does not correspond to the effective figures of the Swiss Federal Department of
Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, since some of the vehicles and machines are no
longer in use as a result of the reduction in the size of the army. The equipment concerned
has either been decommissioned or rendered inactive (e. g. some of the army’s
tanks), and thus no longer consumes fuel. Here, only those vehicles and machines that
are actually in use – whether for training purposes or in the service of the population
(e. g. in the event of natural disasters or other emergencies) – have been included in the
inventory.
By contrast with the previous non-road inventory (SAEFL 1996a), military construction
machines and boats have been included here.
Inventory
As we can see from Figure 28 (top left), tanks head the inventory of military machines,
and these have very high engine power (in some cases > 560 kW). Almost all machines
are equipped with diesel engines, except for a few boats.
Operating hours and their chronological development from 1980 to 2020
Tanks are also predominant in terms of operating hours of military machinery.
According to information provided by the Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil
Protection and Sport, a slight reduction in the use of military machines is to be expected
in the future.

6 > Inventories and operating hours of the individual machine categories 61
Fig. 28 > Military machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of operating hours
Reference year for inventory, 2005.
By machine type
By engine-power class
total: 1340
120
101
11 50
77
176
81
50
176 11 21
180
100
233
472
Pz 68 family
Leo 87
Howitzers
Armoured personnel carriers
Other armoured vehicles
Reconnaissance vehicles
Construction machinery
Patrol boats
Other boats
Petrol (4-stroke)
Diesel
7,4–37 kW
37–75 kW
75–130 kW
130–300 kW
300–560 kW
>560 kW
Petrol (4-stroke)
Diesel
821
Development of operating hours
hrs p.a.
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW
Petrol (4-stroke) Diesel
The colour coding distinguishes between machine types (left) and engine-power classes (right), while the shading indicates the engine type.
Numerical values, see Tab. 40 on page 140.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 62
7 > Fuel consumption
and pollutant emissions
7.1 Fuel consumption in 2005
Figure 29 shows the non-road consumption of diesel and petrol in 2005 based on the
calculation model. We can see that the consumption of diesel is 0.3 million tonnes in
2005, or more than 6 times higher than the consumption of petrol. Thus according to
the relevant energy statistics, the non-road segment accounts for around 20% of the
total sales of diesel in Switzerland (1.7 million tonnes in 2005 19 ). Road traffic accounts
for most of the remaining 1.4 million tonnes 20 .
Agricultural and construction machines account for the highest proportions (38% and
31% respectively) of overall non-road fuel consumption.
Fig. 29 > Non-road fuel consumption in 2005 in tonnes p.a.
Reference year, 2005.
Consumption of diesel
total: 333,000 t/a
7630
18,400
3750
11,300
126,000 1130
Consumption of petrol
total: 50,600 t/a
14,000
3700
6760
323
677
1880
2150
48,300
117,000
2290
3380
15,400
Construction machinery Industrial machinery
Construction machinery Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery
Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery
Marine machinery Railway machinery
Marine machinery Railway machinery
Military machinery Steam (Heating oil)
Military machinery Petrol (2-stroke)
Diesel
Petrol (4-stroke)
The colour coding distinguishes the machine categories, while the shading (right) indicates the engine type.
Numerical values, see Tab. 11 on page 65.
19
Source: Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) 2006
20
Source: SAEFL 2004

7 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions 63
7.2 Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
Figure 30 shows the development of diesel and petrol consumption according to the
model. As we can see, the non-road consumption of diesel increased sharply between
1980 and 2005. However, no further increase in consumption is anticipated in the next
few years. The consumption of petrol is expected to continue to decline, particularly
because fewer petrol-powered machines will be in use in the agricultural sector.
Fig. 30 > Development of non-road fuel consumption
Consumption of diesel
Consumption of petrol
t/a
350 000
t/a
60 000
300 000
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery Railway machinery Military machinery
Petrol (4-stroke) Petrol (2-stroke) Diesel Steam (Heating oil)
The colour coding distinguishes the machine categories, while the shading (right) indicates the engine type.
Numerical values, see Tab. 42 on page 144.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 64
7.3 Emissions in 2005
Figure 31 shows the proportions of the various polluter groups to non-road emissions
for the four classical pollutants carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen
oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM). Different machine categories are the main
sources of emissions, according to pollutant.
In the case of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), agricultural machines
account for by far the highest proportion of emissions. This is mainly attributable to the
fact that the single-axle mowers used in this sector have a relatively high engine rated
power as well as very high load factors. Appliances used in the garden-care/hobby
sector also account for a significant proportion of non-road CO and HC emissions,
primarily as a consequence of the widespread use of petrol engines in this category.
As far as nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) are concerned, agricultural
and construction machinery account for by far the highest proportion of emissions. In
addition, a significant proportion of non-road NO x and PM emissions is attributable to
machines used in the industrial sector.

7 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions 65
Fig. 31 > Non-road pollutant emissions in 2005
In the case of PM emissions, only those from diesel-powered machines have been taken into
account. Reference year, 2005.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
total: 45,100 t/a
2500
10,200
total: 6510 t/a
1520
643
3590
287
27
586
71
4
4780
777
20,700
2990
2570
341
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
total: 12,700 t/a
4720
288
61
1240
total: 887 t/a
22
393 55
628
23 2
48
1610
4130
123
269
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery Railway machinery Military machinery
For the PM emissions only particle emissions from diesel machines have been taken into account.
Tab. 11 shows the figures relating to non-road emissions.
Tab. 11 > Non-road emissions and fuel consumption in 2005
Emissions and fuel consumption in tonnes p.a. in reference year 2005.
Category CO HC NOX PM CO2
Fuel consumption
Diesel21
Petrol Gas
Construction machinery 4,780 777 4,130 269 376,000 117,000 2,550 -
Industrial machinery 2,990 341 1,610 124 176,000 48,300 2,150 6,840
Agricultural machinery 20,700 2,570 4,720 393 455,000 126,000 18,800 -
Forestry machinery 2,500 643 288 22 31,200 7,630 2,290 -
Garden-care/hobby appliances 10,200 1,520 61 0 32,900 - 10,500 -
Marine machinery 3,590 586 1,240 55 115,000 22,170 14,300 -
Railway machinery 287 71 628 23 35,600 11,300 - -
Military machinery 26 4 48 2 3,590 1,130 14 -
Total 45,100 6,510 12,700 887 1,230,000 333,000 50,600 6,840
21
In the case of marine machinery, including heating oil for steamships.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 66
7.4 Development of emissions from 1980 to 2020
7.4.1 Relative development of emissions
Figure 32 shows the development of total non-road emissions for all machine categories.
As we can see, almost all emissions covered by this report increased until 1995.
From 2002 onwards, i.e. after the first EU regulations governing emission levels entered
into effect (see Tab. 18 on page 120), emissions of all pollutants except carbon
dioxide began to fall sharply, especially those of particulate matter, for which a reduction
to 20% of the present-day level is anticipated by 2020. The reduction in emissions
of particulate matter can be attributed to the introduction of cleaner engines as well as
to the anticipated stronger market penetration of particle filters (assumptions as per
Fig. 20).
By contrast with other pollutant emissions, the development of carbon dioxide emissions
is less dynamic. Generally speaking, it is in line with the development of operating
hours of non-road machines (see Fig. 17).
Fig. 32 > Relative development of non-road pollutant emissions compared with 2005 levels
The development of pollutant emissions is indexed to 2005. The trend in emissions of particulate
matter (PM) includes the development of the inventory of machines retrofitted with a particle
filter (see Fig. 20).
160%
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC CO NOx PM CO2
Numerical values, see Tab. 43 on page 145.

7 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions 67
7.4.2 Development of emissions by machine category
Figure 33 shows the development of emissions of the four classical pollutants (CO,
HC, NO x and PM10) by machine category.
Fig. 33 > Development of pollutant emissions
Development of emissions of classical pollutants in tonnes p.a.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
t/a
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Hydrocarbons (HC)
t/a
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
t/a
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Particulate matter (PM)
t/a
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery Railway machinery Military machinery
Numerical values, see Tab. 43 on page 145.
Basically we can anticipate a reduction in emissions of all listed pollutants during the
next few years, but the reduction of carbon monoxide emissions is expected to be lower
than that of the other pollutants. In addition, it is apparent that the degree of reduction
in individual pollutant emissions varies among the different machine/appliance categories.
For example, the reduction of particle emissions from construction machinery is
more pronounced than from agricultural machinery. This means that, despite an absolute
reduction, the relative proportion of PM emissions from agricultural machinery
will increase. There are three reasons for this:
> Numerous construction machines were already retrofitted with particle filter systems
in 2005 (30% of machines > 37 kW, cf. Fig. 20), whereas only a negligible number
of agricultural machines have been retrofitted to date. The degree of retrofitting of

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 68
agricultural machinery is likely to remain low in the future, too, since there are as
yet no signs of an introduction of a retrofitting requirement in this machine category.
By contrast, as a consequence of the Ordinance on Air Pollution Control (Amendment
dated 19 September 2008), more construction machines will be retrofitted so
that by 2020 practically all machines in operation with an engine power > 37 kW
will have been equipped or retrofitted with a particle filter system (Fig. 20).
> Compared with agricultural machinery, the construction machines currently in use
are newer, as we can see from Figure 34. This means that there is a higher proportion
of newer, and thus “cleaner”, machines in use in the construction industry than
in the agricultural sector.
> For construction machinery, the first set of EU regulations governing maximum
emission levels entered into effect earlier than the regulations governing agricultural
machinery. This, combined with the fact that the fleet of construction machines is
newer than that of agricultural machines, resulted in a situation in which 40% of excavators/dumpers
met the EU emission requirements in 2005, compared with only
8% of tractors (Fig. 34).
Fig. 34 > Age distribution of construction and agricultural machinery
The curves represent the respective age distribution, while the vertical dotted lines indicate the
year in which the first EU regulations governing maximum emission levels entered into effect
(i.e. 1 year earlier for construction machines than for agricultural equipment). NB: the vertical
dotted lines indicating the years in which the regulations entered into effect represent a delay of
one year (e. g. from 2003 → 2002) since all machines have to meet the specified requirement in
the year of entry into effect.
Entry into effect of EU I
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2003 2002
2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970
Year of manufacture
Tractors (agriculture)
Hydraulic excavators
In 2005, 40% of excavators/dumpers complied with EU stage I
(since 40% of these machines were less than 4 years old and were thus brought into circulation after the introduction of EU I).

7 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions 69
Development of CO 2 emissions
CO 2 emissions are a direct consequence of, and are immediately related to, fuel consumption.
The corresponding conversion factors are indicated in Table 34.
In 2005, non-road emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) amounted to a total of 1.2 million
tonnes, which is equivalent to 3.0% of Switzerland’s total annual CO 2 emissions
(40.7 million tonnes p.a. 22 ). In the period from 1990 to 2005, non-road CO 2 emissions
increased by 15%. No further increase is expected in the period up to 2020, though in
contrast to road vehicles there is also no recognisable trend towards more fuel-efficient
machines 23 .
Fig. 35 > Development of non-road CO 2 emissions
t/a
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery Industrial machinery Agricultural machinery Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances Marine machinery Railway machinery Military machinery
Numerical values, see Tab. 43 on page 145.
22
Source: FOEN 2006
23
Source: SAEFL 2004

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 70
8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant
emissions by machine category
8.1 Construction machinery
8.1.1 Fuel consumption
In contrast to the composition of the construction machinery inventory, with respect to
fuel consumption it is tyre and caterpillar loaders and hydraulic excavators that head
the list, accounting for more than 60% of consumption in this machine category
(Fig. 36, top left). Petrol-powered engines only play a minor role in the construction
sector in terms of fuel consumption (Fig. 36, top right).
Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
In terms of fuel consumption, Figure 36 (bottom) shows a sharp increase in the role
played by large machines with an engine power greater than 130 kW. In the period
from 1980 to 2005, their proportion of overall consumption almost trebled, and it is
expected to increase by a further 20% in the course of the next 15 years.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 71
Fig. 36 > Construction machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological development
Top left: only machine types with diesel consumption > 2000 tonnes p.a.
Consumption of diesel (2005)
total: 117,000 t/a
8050 2260
10,600
Consumption of petrol (2005)
total: 2555 t/a
677
36,500
13,500
1267
4240
2280
39,500
Rolling mill engines of all types
Hydraulic excavators
Rubber-tyred cranes and mobile cranes
HGV without licence for use on road
Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types
Dumpers and tippers
Compressors of all types
Other machine types (

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 72
8.1.2 Emissions
Here, too, in terms of pollutant emissions (Fig. 37, top), it is tyre and caterpillar loaders
and hydraulic excavators that head the list.
Development of pollutant emissions from 1980 to 2020
Nitrogen oxide emissions can be expected to fall sharply in the next few years thanks
to the applicable European exhaust regulations (Fig. 37, bottom left). In 2020, emissions
should only be around a quarter of the present-day level. Above all, large machines
(> 75 kW) will be subject to more stringent emission limit values with effect
from 2014 following the introduction of EU IV.
The forecast concerning the development of PM emissions is even more positive
(Fig. 37, bottom right), though it is based on the assumption that, following the introduction
of EU stage IIIB, older machines that have not been equipped with particle
filters by the manufacturer will continue to be retrofitted (assumption as per depiction
in Fig. 20). It is specifically assumed that, in 2020, all construction machines with an
engine power > 37 kW will be equipped with a particle filter. This would mean that, by
the above date, it would be possible to reduce PM emissions from construction machinery
to 3% of the level recorded in 2005. Thanks to efforts carried out to date, it has
proved possible to reduce PM emissions from construction machinery by 33% versus
the maximum level recorded in 2005.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 73
Fig. 37 > Construction machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological development
Top left: only machine types with emissions > 30 tonnes p.a.
Top right: only machine types with emissions > 4 tonnes p.a.
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
total: 4,130 t/a
10 279
367
59
Particulate matter (PM)
total: 269 t/a
20
6
21
480
1270
37
97
151
1420
87
Rolling mill engines of all types
Hydraulic excavators
Rubber-tyred cranes and mobile cranes
HGV without licence for use on road
Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types
Dumpers and tippers
Compressors of all types
Other machine types (

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 74
8.2 Industrial machinery
8.2.1 Fuel consumption
Fork lifts account for approximately half the fuel consumption in this category (Fig. 38,
top). These appliances are fuelled by diesel and petrol, but some are also powered by
gas (mainly propane). Due to their large size, snow groomers account for a high level
of fuel consumption (15,700 tonnes p.a.), even though they only represent 4% of the
inventory.
Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
The fuel consumption of industrial machinery more than doubled in the period from
1980 to 2000 (Fig. 38, bottom). A slight reduction in consumption is anticipated for the
next few years.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 75
Fig. 38 > Industrial machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological development
Consumption of diesel (2005) Consumption of petrol (2005)
total: 48,300 t/a
1830
3330
Petrol total: 2150
Gas total: 6840
267
1820
1890
25,600
15,700
6840
Forklifts of all types
Sweepers and cleansers
Industrial lifting platforms
Industrial tractors
Snow groomers
Forklifts of all types
Industrial tractors
Petrol (4-stroke)
Gas
Development of fuel consumption
t/a
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 76
8.2.2 Emissions
Pollutant emissions are depicted in Figure 39 (top) by machine type. Here we can see
that forklifts account for higher PM emissions than for nitrogen oxide emissions. There
are two reasons for this: the average age of forklifts is relatively high (9 years, compared
with 7 years for snow groomers), and the engines in forklifts are relatively small,
which means that specific PM emissions are correspondingly high, since by contrast
with specific nitrogen oxide emissions, PM emissions are significantly higher from
small engines than from large engines. In addition, it was assumed in the calculation
model that around 30% of larger machines were already retrofitted with particle filter
systems in 2005 (here the proportion is assumed on the basis of the figures for construction
machinery. The only exception concerns snow groomers, which were not
retrofitted).
Development of pollutant emissions from 1980 to 2020
The development of pollutant emissions from industrial machinery is similar to that for
construction machinery (Fig. 39 and Fig. 37 bottom), though the reduction in the next
few years is less pronounced, since the proportion of smaller machines (< 75 kW),
which are subject to less stringent exhaust regulations, is greater.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 77
Fig. 39 > Industrial machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological development
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
total: 1610 t/a
52
Particulate matter (PM)
total: 123 t/a
99 2 56
599
4
726
76
7
6
70 11
Forklifts of all types
Sweepers and cleansers
Industrial lifting platforms
Industrial tractors
Snow groomers
Petrol (4-stroke)
Gas
Diesel
31
Forklifts of all types
Sweepers and cleansers
Industrial lifting platforms
Industrial tractors
Snow groomers
Development of emissions
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
t/a
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
t/a
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 78
8.3 Agricultural machinery
8.3.1 Fuel consumption
The overall annual consumption of diesel by agricultural machinery amounted to
around 126,000 tonnes in 2005, with tractors accounting for 84% of this figure
(Fig. 40, top left). This consumption level corresponds fairly closely to the statistics of
the Directorate General of Customs (OZD), according to which 122,000 tonnes of
diesel were consumed for agricultural purposes in 2004 24 .
Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
Fuel consumption increased during the past few years, from 101,000 tonnes in 1980 to
126,000 in 2005 (Fig. 40, bottom). No further growth is anticipated for the next few
years. At the same time, the consumption of petrol in the agricultural sector has been
decreasing, mainly because petrol-powered machines are being replaced to an increasing
extent by diesel-powered equipment. Overall, fuel consumption by agricultural
machinery has increased slightly over the past few years.
24
Up until 2004, the Directorate General of Customs kept statistics concerning fuel consumption in the agricultural sector within the scope
of its calculation of refunds from duty collected on motor fuels. Its data encompassed around 87% of all agricultural operations. The
Directorate used the resulting figures for the purpose of assessing whether the level of fuel consumption reported by an agricultural
business was realistic in view of the cultivated area.
From the point of view of the Directorate, the figures concerning the overall consumption of diesel for the businesses concerned were
probably somewhat over-estimated, although 13% did not apply for a refund. For this group the Directorate assumed a standardised
consumption level of 2.6 million litres or 3300 tonnes of diesel.
Consumption by contractors who do not operate their own agricultural business is not recorded by the Directorate. According to an
assessment by the Swiss Association for Agricultural Technology, however, most contractors have their own agricultural business. The
Directorate supports the hypothesis that the number of contractors is low in its own assessment, according to which merely 362 applicants
(out of a total of 55,870) report a consumption level that is more than 10 times higher than the refund paid to them in accordance
with the standard consumption calculation.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 79
Fig. 40 > Agricultural machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological development
Consumption of diesel (2005) Consumption of petrol (2005)
total: 126,000 t/a
total: 18,800 t/a
106,000
5340
516
729
4400
6310
1840
841
15,300
3380
136
Tractors (agriculture)
Combine harvesters
Spraying machines
Field choppers
Twin-axle mowers
Transporters and loaders
Farmyard loaders
Tractors (household)
Single-axle mowers
Chainsaws (agriculture)
Tractors (household)
Petrol (2-stroke)
Petrol (4-stroke)
Development of fuel consumption
t/a
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 80
8.3.2 Emissions
In 2005, particle emissions from agricultural machinery amounted to almost 400 tonnes
(Fig. 41, top right). This figure is 46% higher than that for construction machinery,
although the consumption of diesel by construction machinery is only 8% lower than
that of agricultural equipment. This discrepancy is due to the high average age of
agricultural machines, the later introduction of exhaust regulations for agricultural
machinery, and the fact that agricultural machinery has not been retrofitted with particle
filters to date.
Development of pollutant emissions from 1980 to 2020
For the reasons cited above, pollutant emissions from agricultural machinery will not
decrease to the same extent over the next few years as those from other machine categories.
Nonetheless, we can expect emissions to be halved in the period from 2005 to
2020 thanks to the European exhaust regulations (Fig. 41, bottom).

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 81
Fig. 41 > Agricultural machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological development
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
total: 4,720 t/a
3870
220
19
33
155
226
59
31 13 95
Particulate matter (PM)
total: 393 t/a
12
2
2
17
24
326 7
3
Single-axle mowers
Tractors (agriculture)
Combine harvesters
Spraying machines
Field choppers
Twin-axle mowers
Transporters and loaders
Farmyard loaders
Chainsaws (agriculture)
Tractors (household)
Petrol (4-stroke)
Petrol (2-stroke)
Diesel
Tractors (agriculture)
Combine harvesters
Spraying machines
Field choppers
Twin-axle mowers
Transporters and loaders
Farmyard loaders
Tractors (household)
Development of emissions
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
t/a
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Particulate matter (PM)
t/a
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 82
8.4 Forestry machinery
8.4.1 Fuel consumption
In 2005, the fuel consumption of forestry machinery amounted to 9720 tonnes, of
which petrol accounted for 25% (Fig. 42, top). The most important machine type in
terms of fuel consumption is haulers (i.e. tractors used in the forestry sector), with
4030 tonnes p.a. of diesel, followed by chainsaws with 1960 tonnes p.a. of petrol.
Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
The development of fuel consumption (Fig. 42, bottom) shows a clear shift from small
engines to those with a higher engine power. A 10% increase in consumption versus
the 2005 level is anticipated by 2020.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 83
Fig. 42 > Forestry machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological development
Consumption of diesel (2005) Consumption of petrol (2005)
total: 7630 t/a
429
63
total: 2290 t/a
4030
1150
116
165
1,290
223 154
1960
262
75
Haulers
Pick-up loaders
Processors
Wood chippers
Bark peeling machines
Wheeled excavators
Forestry Forwarder
Conventional skyline cranes
Mobile skyline cranes
Chainsaws (forestry)
Cutters
Other small appliances
Petrol (2-stroke)
Development of fuel consumption
t/a
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 84
8.4.2 Emissions
Nitrogen oxide and PM emissions from forestry machines are shown in Figure 43
(top). These are primarily caused by machines equipped with diesel engines. Hydrocarbon
emissions, which are disproportionately high (640 tonnes p.a.) in the forestry
sector due to the large number of appliances equipped with 2-stroke engines, are not
shown here. Forestry machinery thus accounts for around 10% of total non-road HC
emissions.
Development of pollutant emissions from 1980 to 2020
The shift towards larger machines is having a positive impact on the development of
pollutant emissions from forestry machinery, since larger engines are subject to more
stringent emission limit values. We can therefore expect emissions of nitrogen oxides
and particulate matter to decrease significantly over the next few years (Fig. 43, bottom).

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 85
Fig. 43 > Forestry machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological development
Top left: only machine types with emissions of more than 2.5 tonnes p.a
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
total: 288 t/a
16 2 43
Particulate matter (PM)
1.0 0.3
0.4
5
7
2.7
49
12.4
0.4
141
5
7
2
12
Chainsaws (forestry)
Haulers
Pick-up loaders
Processors
Wood chippers
Bark peeling machines
Wheeled excavators
Forestry Forwarder
Conventional skyline cranes
Mobile skyline cranes
Other machine types (

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 86
8.5 Garden-care/hobby appliances
8.5.1 Fuel consumption
This category only concerns petrol-powered appliances. In terms of consumption, the
most important appliances are household lawn mowers and motor scythes used for
professional purposes, followed by appliances used for professional garden-care
(Fig. 44, top).
Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
The development of fuel consumption (Fig. 44, bottom) shows a clear trend in line
with the development of operating hours (Fig. 25, bottom), namely that 2-stroke engines
are being replaced by 4-stroke engines.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 87
Fig. 44 > Garden-care/hobby appliances: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological development
Top left: only machine types with petrol consumption > 300 tonnes p.a.
No diesel-powered appliances Consumption of petrol (2005)
total: 10,500 t/a 1620
771 459
419
300
1550
2380
668
1080
1210
Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional)
Lawn mowers (professional)
Ride-on mowers (professional)
Chainsaws (professional)
Lawn mowers (household)
Chainsaws (household)
Snow blowers (household)
Other machine types (

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 88
8.5.2 Emissions
Petrol engines above all produce high levels of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon
emissions (Fig. 45, top). 2-stroke engines account for 72% of HC emissions, despite
the fact that they only account for 35% of fuel consumption.
Development of pollutant emissions from 1980 to 2020
A pronounced decrease in hydrocarbon emissions is to be anticipated over the next few
years, since the more stringent EU exhaust regulations will mean that new engines will
emit lower levels (Fig. 45, bottom right). This tightening of emission limit values,
which only applies within the EU, will also mean that 4-stroke engines will increasingly
replace 2-stroke engines, so that the inventory of the latter will decrease. With
respect to carbon monoxide, the decrease in emissions over the next few years is
expected to be relatively modest.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 89
Fig. 45 > Garden-care/hobby appliances: emissions in 2005 and chronological development
Top left: only machine types with emissions > 290 tonnes p.a.
Top right: only machine types with emissions > 30 tonnes p.a.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
total: 10,200 t/a
1515
403
1600
total: 1,520 t/a
115
62
778
388
301
2380 1090
642
1150
254
40
105
106
295
31
58
450
Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional)
Lawn mowers (professional)
Ride-on mowers (professional)
Chainsaws (professional)
Lawn mowers (household)
Chainsaws (household)
Snow blowers (household)
Other machine types (

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 90
8.6 Marine machinery
8.6.1 Fuel consumption
In 2005, the fuel consumption of ships and boats amounted to 36,510 tonnes, with
diesel accounting for 61% (22,170 tonnes) and petrol for 39% (14,340 tonnes) (Fig. 46,
top). Commercial operations generate the highest proportion of diesel consumption,
which largely corresponds to the consumption data provided by major operators for
2005, from which we can estimate the overall consumption by Swiss passenger ships:
According to the operators on the lakes of Zurich, Lucerne and Geneva, fuel consumption
in 2005 amounted to 3920 tonnes for motor vessels and 3400 tonnes for steamships.
These three operators account for 49% (motor vessels) and 89% (steamships) of
the mileage of all passenger ships on Switzerland’s lakes. These figures indicate overall
consumption in Switzerland of around 8000 tonnes p.a. (motor vessels) and
3800 tonnes p.a. (steamships), and are more or less in line with the results obtained
with the calculation model (9200 and 3800 tonnes p.a. respectively) 25 .
The fuel consumption of steamships is high compared to their proportion of the overall
mileage. This is because the specific consumption of these vessels is several times
higher than that of conventional passenger boats.
The level of petrol consumption is 14,300 tonnes, 83% of which is attributable to
privately operated boats, while fishing and other commercial boats account for the
remaining 17%. The proportion of boats equipped with 2-stroke engines is very low
(2%).
Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
In the period under review, the fuel consumption of ships and boats only changed very
slightly, and we can expect the figure 15 years from now to be similar to the presentday
level (Fig. 46, bottom).
25
The consumption factors for steamships were calibrated on the basis of this plausibility consideration.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 91
Fig. 46 > Marine machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological development
Consumption of diesel (2005) Consumption of petrol (2005)
total: 22,200 t/a
3750
total: 14,300 t/a
3570
234
107
85
9170
2830
11,400
2470
603
1000
1250
4
Motorised yachts
Fishing & other commercial boats
Hire and privately owned motor boats
Passenger ships
Cargo ships/barges
Ferries
Steam (Heating oil)
Diesel
Motorised yachts
Fishing & other commercial boats
Hire and privately owned motor boats
Petrol (4-stroke)
Petrol (2-stroke)
Development of fuel consumption
t/a
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW
Petrol (4-stroke) Petrol (2-stroke) Diesel Steam (Heating oil)
The colour coding distinguishes the machine types (top) and engine-power classes (bottom), while the shading indicates the engine type.
Numerical values, see Tab. 49 on page 149.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 92
8.6.2 Emissions
Pollutant emissions from ships and boats have a negative impact on the quality of both
air and water. A significant proportion of emitted hydrocarbons enters into the water,
where they interfere with the normal biological functions of fish and represent a threat
to the quality of drinking water (EMPA 2006). In view of this, special importance has
to be attached to hydrocarbon emissions from ships and boats.
Nitrogen oxide emissions from marine machinery are mainly attributable to passenger
ships and hired or privately owned motor boats (Fig. 47, top). According to the assumptions
used for the calculation model, only a small number of vessels have been
retrofitted with particle filters to date, and this means that PM emissions from passenger
ships and cargo vessels/barges are correspondingly high. Pollutant emissions from
steamships are comparatively low.
Development of pollutant emissions from 1980 to 2020
Nitrogen oxide emissions from ships have barely decreased in recent years. The new
EU exhaust regulations were less stringent than the SAV exhaust standards that entered
into effect in the mid-1990s (Fig. 47, bottom). A notable reduction in nitrogen oxide
emissions can primarily be expected for boats with petrol engines. PM emissions
should also be reduced in the course of the next few years, providing that ships are
retrofitted with particle filter systems (see Fig. 20 on page 45).

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 93
Fig. 47 > Marine machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological development
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
total: 1240 t/a 3 18
150 2 49 36
Particulate matter (PM)
total: 55 t/a
10
189
253
26
5
45
8
487
Motorised yachts
Fishing & other commercial boats
Hire and privately owned motor boats
Passenger ships
Cargo ships/barges
Ferries
2
4
4
Motorised yachts
Fishing & other commercial boats
Hire and privately owned motor boats
Passenger ships
Cargo ships/barges
Ferries
Petrol (2-stroke)
Petrol (4-stroke)
Steam (Heating oil)
Diesel
Development of emissions
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
t/a
1400
t/a
60
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW
Petrol (4-stroke) Petrol (2-stroke) Diesel Steam (Heating oil)
The colour coding distinguishes the machine types (top) and engine-power classes (bottom), while the shading indicates the engine type.
Numerical values, see Tab. 57 on page 160.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 94
8.7 Railway machinery
8.7.1 Fuel consumption
Only diesel-powered machinery is used on the country’s railways, mainly in the form
of shunting locomotives. In 2005, the overall consumption of diesel amounted to
11,300 tonnes (Fig. 48, top). According to Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) statistics,
10.1 million litres (or 8380 tonnes) of diesel were consumed in 2005 for traction purposes
(SBB 2006). The 30% difference between the calculated fuel consumption and
the figures reported by Swiss Federal Railways can be attributed to the assumptions
made in the model, but also to the criteria used by the SBB for recording diesel consumption.
Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
Diesel consumption by railway machinery will increase slightly over the next few
years, namely by 13% between 2005 and 2020 (see Fig. 48, bottom). At the same time,
large shunting locomotives (> 560 kW) will increase in importance.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 95
Fig. 48 > Railway machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological development
Consumption of diesel (2005)
total: 11,300 t/a
1830
No petrol-powered machinery
254
781
8450
Service vehicles
Shunting locomotives
Railway tractors
Twin-engined tractors
Development of fuel consumption
t/a
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW
Numerical values, see Tab. 50 on page 149.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 96
8.7.2 Emissions
Railway vehicles have a relatively lengthy service life, and their average age is therefore
fairly high. This means that the specific emissions of diesel locomotives are
disproportionately high. Railway vehicles produce comparatively high levels of nitrogen
oxides (630 tonnes p.a.).
The calculation model assumed that a fairly high proportion of railway vehicles have
been retrofitted with particle filters. The level of PM emissions (23 tonnes p.a.) is
comparatively low (Fig. 49, top). The emission factor for railway vehicles is approximately
2.0 grams of PM per kilogram of fuel, whereas the factor for ships, for example,
is 3.0 grams per kg of fuel.
Development of pollutant emissions from 1980 to 2020
The level of PM emissions will decrease significantly over the next few years thanks to
the continued retrofitting of older machines with particle filters (Fig. 49, bottom). In
the period from 2005 to 2020, nitrogen oxide emissions are expected to fall by around
50%.

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 97
Fig. 49 > Railway machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological development
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
total: 628 t/a
95
total: 23 t/a
4
13
1
40
2
480
17
Service vehicles
Shunting locomotives
Railway tractors
Twin-engined tractors
Service vehicles
Shunting locomotives
Railway tractors
Twin-engined tractors
Development of emissions
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
t/a
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
t/a
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW
Numerical values, see Tab. 58 on page 161.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 98
8.8 Military machinery
8.8.1 Fuel consumption
In 2005, the fuel consumption of machines used for military purposes amounted to
1100 tonnes. The proportion of petrol was very low (14 tonnes), since this fuel is only
used for certain types of boats. Tanks account for the highest proportion (90%) of the
overall fuel consumption (Fig. 50, top), while military construction machinery only
accounts for 6%.
According to information provided by the Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil
Protection and Sport, in 2002 armoured vehicles (wheeled and caterpillar) and special
vehicles consumed 61 TJ, or 1400 tonnes of diesel.
Development of fuel consumption from 1980 to 2020
Fuel consumption for military purposes is expected to decrease over the next few
years, and in 2020 should even fall below the level recorded in 1980 (Fig. 50, bottom).

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 99
Fig. 50 > Military machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological development
Consumption of diesel (2005) Consumption of petrol (2005)
total: 1130 t/a 62
total: 14 t/a
292
30
69
3
91
145
435
Pz 68 family
Leo 87
Howitzers
Armoured personnel carriers
Other armoured vehicles
Reconnaissance vehicles
Construction machinery
Patrol boats
Development of fuel consumption
t/a
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW
Petrol (4-stroke)
Diesel
Numerical values, see Tab. 51 on page 149.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 100
8.8.2 Emissions
In 2005, machines used for military purposes emitted 48 tonnes of nitrogen oxides and
2 tonnes of particulate matter (Fig. 51, top).
Development of pollutant emissions from 1980 to 2020
The proportion of military machines retrofitted with particle filter systems is similar to
that for construction machinery. The level of PM emissions from military machinery is
therefore expected to decrease significantly over the next few years (Fig. 51, bottom).

8 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by machine category 101
Fig. 51 > Military machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological development
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
total: 48 t/a
13.5
1.3
0.8 2.3
0.3
4.2
total: 2.0 t/a
0.61
0.04
0.03
0.12
0.00
0.19
5.1
0.21
Pz 68 family
Leo 87
Howitzers
Armoured personnel carriers
Other armoured vehicles
Reconnaissance vehicles
Construction machinery
Patrol boats
Other boats
20.1
Petrol (4-stroke)
Diesel
Pz 68 family
Leo 87
0.79
Howitzers
Armoured personnel carriers
Other armoured vehicles
Reconnaissance vehicles
Construction machinery
Other boats
Development of emissions
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
t/a
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
Particulate matter (PM)
t/a
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
560 kW
Petrol (4-stroke)
Diesel
Numerical values, see Tab. 59 on page 161.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 102
9 > Supplementary observations
9.1 Comparison with emissions from road vehicles
Non-road pollutant emissions estimated with the aid of the calculation model can only
be compared with emissions from road vehicles to a limited extent (SAEFL 2004).
This is partly because the available statistical material for use in the non-road calculation
model is not as detailed as the data set for road vehicles, but also because the nonroad
calculation model itself is not as detailed as that for road vehicles. Nonetheless, it
is possible to make comparisons of an indicative nature.
Table 12 shows a comparison of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions between the
non-road segment and road traffic. As we can see, the non-road segment accounts for a
higher proportion of overall emissions than of overall fuel consumption. Emissions of
particulate matter and hydrocarbons are especially high.
As far as hydrocarbon emissions are concerned, the high level is attributable to the high
proportion of non-road appliances equipped with a 2-stroke engine. For example, with
an emission level of 2100 tonnes in 2005, chainsaws account for a third of the total
non-road hydrocarbon emissions. These appliances are used in the agriculture and
forestry sectors, as well as for garden-care purposes, and represent the most important
category of machines equipped with a 2-stroke engine. In the same year, hydrocarbon
emissions from road traffic amounted to almost 20,000 tonnes.
The fact that non-road machines account for a high level of particle emissions is partly
due to the very high number of diesel engines in use, especially on construction sites
and in the agriculture and forestry sectors. But another factor is the specific pollutant
emissions from non-road machines, which are relatively high due to the later introduction
of emission limit values for such machines. 26 As a consequence, the annual level
of particle emissions from agricultural machinery alone is approximately the same as
the level for heavy duty vehicles (in each case around 400 tonnes in 2005), even
though the number of operating hours for the latter is considerably higher than is the
case with agricultural machines 27 .
26
The first emission limit values for non-road machines entered into effect in 2001, whereas limit values for diesel road vehicles already
entered into effect in 1987.
27
In 2005, heavy duty vehicles covered an accumulated distance of 2138 million kilometres. At an average speed of 50 km/h, this is
equivalent to around 43 million hours p.a. By way of comparison: agricultural machines equipped with a diesel engine were in use for an
accumulated total of 26 million hours in 2005.

9 > Supplementary observations 103
Tab. 12 > Comparison between the non-road segment and road traffic in 2005
Non-road segment
[tonnes p.a.]
Road traffic
[tonnes p.a.]
Proportion of non-road segment to
overall level (non-road + road)
Consumption
Diesel 333,300 1,393,400 19%
Petrol 50,600 3,195,600 2%
Energy 16.7 PJ 195 PJ 8%
Pollutant emissions
Carbon monoxide (CO) 45,100 196,000 19%
Hydrocarbons (HC) 6,510 19,800 25%
Nitrogen oxides (NOX) 12,700 41,700 23%
Particulate matter (PM) 887 1,390 39%
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1,230,000 14,400,000 8%
Figures rounded up/down. Source for road traffic: SAEFL 2004
This correlation also becomes apparent when we compare pollutant emissions and fuel
consumption. Table 13 shows average specific pollutant emissions (emissions per level
of fuel consumption in g per kg) from non-road machines and road vehicles and directly
compares them with one another. As we can see, on average the emission factors
for non-road machines are several times higher than those for road vehicles. The
differences are especially pronounced in the case of petrol engines, mainly because of
the high proportion of 2-stroke engines used in non-road petrol-powered appliances
(almost 20% of non-road petrol consumption is attributable to 2-stroke engines, in road
traffic it is only 0.6%). With diesel engines the specific emissions (nitrogen oxides and
PM) of non-road machines are 2 to 3 times higher than those of road vehicles.
This underscores the fact that in the non-road segment there is still considerable potential
in terms of reduction of air pollution, which needs to be exploited over the next few
years with the aid of suitable regulations governing maximum exhaust emissions.
Tab. 13 > Comparison between specific pollutant emissions from non-road machines
and road vehicles in 2005
Expressed in terms of emissions per quantity of consumed fuel in g per kg.
Pollutant
Non-road machines
[g/kg]
Road vehicles
[g/kg]
Ratio of emission factors between non-road
machines and road vehicles
Petrol engines
Carbon monoxide (CO) 749 59 13:1
Hydrocarbons (HC) 94 6 17:1
Diesel engines
Nitrogen oxides (NOX) 36 20 2:1
Particulate matter (PM) 2.7 0.9 3:1
Source for road traffic: SAEFL 2004.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 104
9.2 Impacts of retrofitting with particle filters
Figure 52 (left) shows the past and future development of PM emissions caused by
construction machinery if no machines had been retrofitted with particle filter systems
and no further retrofitting were to be carried out, in comparison with the retrofitting
scenario. As we can see, particle emissions would be approximately twice as high in
2010 as in the scenario with retrofitted machines.
So far, no major retrofitting of agricultural machines has taken place. However, when
EU stage IIIB enters into effect in 2012, new machines will have to be equipped with
particle filter systems before they leave the factory. This means that, compared with the
situation regarding construction machinery, the introduction of particle filters in the
agricultural sector will commence at a relatively late stage.
Construction machinery
Agricultural machinery
Figure 52 (right) shows how the situation with regard to agricultural machinery would
change versus the scenario without retrofitted machines if new machines were to be
equipped with particle filter systems already with effect from 2009. Compared with the
situation in which new machines are only equipped with particle filter systems at a
later date, in 2020 there would be a 17% reduction in PM emissions from agricultural
machines. The impact of such a measure restricted to new machines is thus relatively
minor, which can be attributed to the fact that agricultural machines are used over
lengthy periods of time and the replacement rate (2600 tractors a year) is correspondingly
low.
In order to more effectively reduce emissions, it would be necessary to retrofit a larger
number of older machines, since these have a higher specific level of PM emissions
that could be reduced with the aid of particle filter systems.
Fig. 52 > Construction and agricultural machinery:
particle emissions in 2005 and chronological development
For construction machinery, “with retrofitting” corresponds to the reference scenario.
For agricultural machinery “without retrofitting” reflects the reference scenario.
The “with retrofitting” scenario corresponds to a premature introduction (in 2009) of a
retrofitting obligation for new machines.
Construction machinery
Agricultural machinery
t/a
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
t/a
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2005 2010 2015 2020
Scenario without retrofitting
Scenario with retrofitting
Retrofitting as described in section 5.5 (Fig. 20 on page 45).

9 > Supplementary observations 105
9.3 Comparison with Report 49
9.3.1 Methodology
One of the main differences in methodology between the present report and Report 49
(SAEFL 1996a) concerns the influencing factors that were taken into account. In the
previous calculation model, only an adjustment factor for wear and tear was used, but
in the new model additional adjustment factors have been included:
> Deviation of effective load from standard load in the cycle on which the emission
factor is based (CF 1 )
> Dynamic use of machinery (CF 2 ).
9.3.2 Emission factors (diesel machines)
In Report 49, the figures for emission factors for non-road diesel machines (excluding
ships/boats and railway vehicles) were based on measurement data from a specially
prepared data set (dating from 1993/94). These were unavoidably heterogeneous since
at that time no emission limit values had been specified and measurement data were
thus only available in limited form. This meant that the underlying measurement cycles
were not uniform. Furthermore, the data set included measurements for aspiration and
turbo engines. The evaluation of these figures was carried out on the basis of the
assumption by EUROMOT to the effect that engine rated power and emissions are
correlated in accordance with the following equation:
ε =
A − B ⋅ P
0.1
Key: ε emission factor
A, B coefficients of regression curve
P engine rated power
The data mainly concern new engines (information provided by manufacturers) and the
composition does not necessarily correspond to that of the Swiss data set. In view of
this, adjustment factors were determined for the type of construction (e. g. taking
account of precombustion chamber engines in the existing Swiss machinery fleet at
that time) and wear and tear, and the equation cited above was amended accordingly.
The resulting values for the emission factors are shown in the respective “A” columns
in Table 14. When making comparisons with the new emission factors it should be
borne in mind that these have not yet been adjusted by the respective influencing
factors. By contrast, they were already included in the emission factors in Report 49.
For this reason, the (non-adjusted) emission factors in Report 49 are also shown in
Table 14 under the heading “Previous B”.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 106
Tab. 14 > Comparison with emission and consumption factors in Report 49 (in g per kwh)
The listed emission factors refer to all non-road machines equipped with a diesel engine
(except ships/boats and railway vehicles).
A: adjusted emission factors (including type of construction and wear and tear)
according to Table A3.1a in Report 49.
B: emission factors (“Previous” = according to data in Fig. A2.6 in Report 49).
Engine-power class
CO HC NOX PM
Previous New Previous New Previous New Previous New
A B B A B B A B B A B B
130 kW 3.1 2.9 3.62 1.3 1.3 0.91 14.3 9.8 12.52 1.3 1.0 0.61
As we can see from Table 14, the new emission factors for diesel machines concerning
HC and PM are up to 50% lower than the emission factors used in Report 49.
9.3.3 Inventories and operating hours
For the purpose of comparing the figures for the new non-road inventory with the data
previously used by the FOEN from Report 49 (SAEFL 1996a), 2005 was chosen as
reference year. The figures in Report 49 are taken from the corresponding technical
appendix (SAEFL 1996b).
Figure 53 (top) compares the figures for the new non-road inventories and operating
hours with those published in Report 49, distinguished by engine type. In addition, the
specific operating hours, i.e. per machine and year, and the ratio between the figures
for the new non-road inventory and operating hours and those presented in Report 49,
are shown in Figure 53 (bottom). Here we can see that there are significant differences,
especially regarding construction, industrial, agricultural, forestry, railway and military
machinery.
Although the inventory in Report 49 does not include any construction machines
equipped with a petrol engine, the number of construction machines assumed in that
report for 2005 was around twice as high as in the new non-road inventory.
The number of industrial machines in the new inventory is slightly higher than in
Report 49, partly because snow groomers now form a new sub-segment of their own.
In the new non-road inventory, forklifts were included separately for the first time
(with a total of 17 000 vehicles) in 2005. At the same time, the inventory of industrial
carts was reduced from 16,800 to 3200.
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery

9 > Supplementary observations 107
The enormous increase in specific operating hours is attributable to the inclusion of
forklifts, which are operated for a total of around 720 hours p.a. and machine, as well
as to snow groomers (700 hours p.a.).
The specific operating hours of agricultural machines were reduced by about a third on
the basis of new calculations by Agroscope ART, since the average engine power of
machines used in the agriculture sector have increased and thus permit a higher level of
productivity. The verification of these new figures relating to operating hours, load
factors and specific consumption shows that they are close to the fuel consumption
statistics recorded by the Directorate General of Customs.
The higher numbers in the inventory are attributable to increased mechanisation, but
also to the fact that small hand-held appliances such as chainsaws have been included
for the first time.
In this category, the specific operating hours were for the first time determined on the
basis of the anticipated service life of the appliances concerned. This resulted in considerably
lower specific operating hours than had been assumed in Report 49.
Here the higher specific operating hours can be attributed to the increased use of diesel
locomotives by Swiss Federal Railways which had not been anticipated in the previous
inventory.
In the case of military machinery, the new inventory only included those machines that
were effectively in operation (see section 6.8), and this resulted in a reduction in the
total number of machines (EWI 2005). The increase in specific operating hours can be
attributed to the inclusion for the first time of military construction machinery and
boats. This results in a higher number of operating hours despite a reduction in the
inventory (excluding machines reserved for combat).
Agricultural machines
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Railway machinery
Military machinery

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 108
Fig. 53 > Comparison of inventories and operating hours
Comparison between the new non-road inventories and operating hours (right-hand column) and the figures used in Report 49
(left-hand column). Reference year, 2005.
Inventories
Operating hours (sum)
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
million hrs p.a.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
SAEFL Report 49
New non-road inventory
Petrol (4-stroke)
Gas
Diesel
Specific operating hours
Ratio between figures of new non-road report and Report 49 (Report 49 = 1.0)
hrs p.a.
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
SAEFL Report 49
New non-road inventory
Inventory
Operating hours (Sum)
Top: the colour coding indicates the data source, while the shading indicates the engine type.
Bottom right: at 1.0, the new non-road inventories/operating hours are identical to those in Report 49, otherwise they are higher or lower than in the latter.

9 > Supplementary observations 109
9.3.4 Fuel consumption
With respect to fuel consumption there are considerable differences between the new
calculations and the forecast in Report 49 for 2005 in the construction, industrial,
agricultural, forestry and garden-care/hobby categories.
In the new calculation the fuel consumption of construction machinery is significantly
lower than in Report 49. The reason for this is that the number of construction machines
included in the new inventory is lower. But the difference in fuel consumption is
not as pronounced as the difference in the inventories: the average engine power of
construction machines included in the new non-road inventory (48 kW) is considerably
higher than that in the inventory in Report 49 (estimated at 26 kW in 2005).
In this category, the difference in fuel consumption between the new and the previous
inventory is primarily attributable to snow groomers, which have a very high engine
power as well as a high level of operating hours. However, compared with the differences
in the inventory and operating hours, this deviation is fairly low. This is attributable
to the low load factors for forklifts, which have been listed as a separate machine
sub-segment in the new inventory. The average load factor of all industrial machinery
is reduced by more than half compared with the assumptions made in Report 49.
The differences in these two categories are attributable to the inventories and operating
hours. With agricultural machinery the difference in fuel consumption is less pronounced
than in the inventory and operating hours (new figures: operating hours
reduced by approximately 50%, but fuel consumption only 25% lower). In the new
inventory, a consumption adjustment has been made at low load factors (CF 1 ), i.e.
tractors which have a low load factor of 0.25 (according to FAT 1998) have an approximately
30% higher specific consumption as a result. In addition, the average
engine rated power of tractors in 2005 is approximately 50% higher than was anticipated
for that year in Report 49 (59 versus 40 kW).
In the new calculation, railway vehicles have been allocated a lower load factor that
corresponds to the engine load during shunting operations. The fuel consumption thus
more or less corresponds to the levels anticipated in Report 49, even though significantly
higher operating hours have been assumed.
The lower level of consumption in this category is partly attributable to the lower
specific operating hours of the appliances, but also to the assumption that the average
engine power of the appliances is lower than was assumed in Report 49. In addition,
lower consumption factors were assumed here in view of the lower level of hydrocarbon
emissions.
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural and forestry
machinery
Railway machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 110
Fig. 54 > Comparison between fuel consumption according to the new non-road inventory
and the figures presented in Report 49 for 2005
t/a
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
SAEFL Report 49 New non-road inventory Petrol (4-stroke) Gas Diesel
The colour coding indicates the data source, while the shading indicates the fuel.

9 > Supplementary observations 111
9.3.5 Emissions
In Report 49, emissions are shown at two levels in two different scenarios. Scenario 1
is based on the assumption that no regulations governing maximum emission levels
enter into effect for non-road machines. In Scenario 2, initial assumptions have already
been made concerning the possible introduction of emission limit values. Figure 55
shows the calculations for both scenarios. The pollutant emissions as per scenario 2 are
of course lower than those for scenario 1.
Most of the differences between the new calculations and the data cited in Report 49
result from the changed assumptions regarding inventories and operating hours (see
section 9.3.1) and the modified emission factors for diesel engines, especially relating
to PM emissions. The reasons for the differences in the four main categories (construction,
industrial, agricultural machinery and garden/hobby appliances) are explained
briefly below.
In the construction machinery category, the differences between the two reports in
terms of data relating to inventory and operating hours as well as fuel consumption also
apply to emissions, with the exception of carbon monoxide and particulate matter. In
the case of the latter, the difference (approximately 70% lower level of PM emissions
versus scenario 2), is attributable to the new emission factors which are lower for older
machines in the new calculation model (see Tab. 14). In the new calculation the carbon
monoxide emissions are higher. This is primarily attributable to appliances that were
not included in the inventory and operating hours in Report 49.
Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions from industrial machinery are significantly
lower than in previous calculations, even though the assumed operating hours
are higher in the new calculations. This increase is attributable to the inclusion of
forklifts and snow groomers in the new report, which have low emissions of carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons since they are primarily fuelled by diesel and gas. The
decrease in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions can be explained by the
number of petrol-powered appliances, which in the new inventory is only around onethird
of the level assumed in Report 49. Nitrogen oxide and PM emissions are more or
less identical in both calculations, since a larger inventory of diesel machines has been
offset by lower emission factors.
As a result of the adjustments to the inventory and operating hours, in the new calculation
the level of emissions from agricultural machinery is lower than in the previous
report. The most pronounced difference concerns PM emissions, for which both the
inventory effect and lower emission factors for older machines play a significant role.
Here the specific operating hours and average capacities are lower in the new calculation
than assumed in Report 49. This results in significantly lower emissions, which in
the case of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are less than half the respective levels
in Report 49.
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 112
Fig. 55 > Comparison between the pollutant emissions in the new non-road inventory and the anticipated levels in the supplement to Report 49
(EWI 2000) for 2005
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
in t/a
45 000
40 000
35 000
30 000
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
0
in t/a
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
in t/a
9 000
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
in t/a
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Garden-care/hobby appliances
Marine machinery
Railway machinery
Military machinery
SAEFL Report 49, scenario 1 SAEFL Report 49, scenario 2 New non-road inventory
The colour coding distinguishes the machine categories and engine capacities, while the shading indicates the engine type.

9 > Supplementary observations 113
9.4 Verification of plausibility with specific pollutant emissions
Here the plausibility of the results of the calculations is verified using construction and
agricultural machinery as examples. The verification was made on the basis of the
average specific pollutant emissions (emissions per level of fuel consumption in g per
kg for 2005). The pollutants in question are particulate matter and nitrogen oxides.
Table 15 lists the specific pollutant emissions per kilogram of fuel consumption and
compares them with the figures in the Emission Inventory Guidebook (EMEP/CORI-
NAIR 2006) of the European Environmental Agency (EEA). Since the EEA figures
represent aggregated levels for all engine-power classes, a corresponding figure was
calculated from the data in the non-road inventory. This permits cross comparisons
within this report as well as a comparison between the figures in this report and those
in the EEA Guidebook.
Tab. 15 > Consumption-specific emission factors for construction and agricultural machinery in g per kg of fuel consumption
compared with the levels in the Emission Inventory Guidebook
The emission factors only refer to diesel machines. The figures in the Emission Inventory Guidebook (IPCC 2003) represent
aggregated data for all engine-power classes. Reference year, 2005.
Pollutant Machine category
Engine-power class
EEA-Guidebook

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 114
oxide emissions, the factors in the Emission Inventory Guidebook are slightly higher
than those in this non-road inventory.
Fig. 56 > Comparison between PM emission factors and the data in the Emission Inventory Guidebook
Reference year, 2005.
grams per kg
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

Appendix 115
> Appendix
A1
Calculation methodology
This appendix contains a detailed description of the methodology for calculating
emissions, which involves 4 steps:
> Calculation of inventories for each machine segment and year of manufacture
> Calculation of operating hours for each machine segment and year of manufacture
> Differentiation of inventory/operating hours by emission stages
> Calculation of pollutant emissions
All required input data are shown against a grey background.
1. Calculation of inventories for each machine segment and year of manufacture
1a: Calculation of inventory for each segment. Segments are divided into machine type (Makat),
engine type (Mtyp) and engine-power class (Gklasse).
N
Seg
= N
Makat , Mtyp, Gklasse
= N
Makat
⋅ β
Makat , Mtyp, Gklasse
Key: N Seg
= no. of machines per segment
N Makat = no. of machines per machine type
β Seg
= distribution of engine types and engine-power classes
for a given machine type
1b: Differentiation of inventory/operating hours by year of manufacture with the aid
of age distribution
N
Seg , Bjahr
= N
Seg
⋅ϖ
Seg
Key: N Seg, Bjahr = no. of machines per segment (Seg) and year of manufacture (Bjahr)
ϖ Seg
= age distribution in inventory differentiated by segment (Seg)

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 116
Step 2: Calculation of operating hours
2a: Calculation of operating hours per machine type
H
Makat
= N
Makat
⋅ h
Makat
Key: H Makat = operating hours per machine type (Makat) [hrs p.a.]
h Makat
= specific operating hours per machine type (Makat) [hrs p.a.]
2b: Calculation of operating hours per segment (non-adjusted)
H ~
Seg , Bjahr
= N
Seg , Bjahr
⋅h
Seg
Key: H Seg, Bjahr = operating hours per segment (Seg)
and year of manufacture (Bjahr) [hrs p.a.]
h Seg
= specific operating hours per segment (Seg) [hrs p.a.]
2c: Adjustment of operating hours per segment so that the target level is attained for specific
operating hours per machine type as per 2a.
H
Seg , Bjahr
= H ~
Seg , Bjahr
⋅
N
∑
Seg
⋅
H ~
h
Makat
Makat
Seg , Bjahr
Key: h Makat = specific operating hours per machine type (Makat) [hrs p.a.]
3. Differentiation of inventory/operating hours by emission levels
Calculation of inventories and operating hours per sub-segment while taking account of
the age dependency of the operating hours. Segments differentiated by emission concepts
are referred to as sub-segments.
N
=
∑
Sub
N Seg , Baujahr
EmStufe
∑
H
Sub
= H
Seg , Baujahr
⋅α
( Alter )
EmStufe
Key: N Sub = machine inventory per sub-segment (Sub)
H Sub = operating hours per sub-segment (Sub) [hrs p.a.]
α(Alter) = age dependency of operating hours

Appendix 117
4. Calculation of pollutant emissions
4a. Calculation of energy consumption per sub-segment
W
Sub
Nennleistung
= H ⋅ P ⋅γ
Sub
Gklasse
Norm
Makat
⋅ Δ
LF
Makat, Mtyp
( Alter )
Key:
W Sub = energy consumption per sub-segment [kWh p.a.]
P Gklasse
Nennleistung f
= engine rated power per segment [kW]
λ Makat
Norm
= standard load factor as per ISO cycle per machine type
relating to machine age
Cor Makat, Mtyp LF (Alter)
= adjustment factor in case of deviation of effective load
from standard load as per ISO cycle C1
4b: Calculation of emissions per pollutant and sub-segment, with differentiation of emission factors
by pollutant, machine category (construction machinery, agricultural machinery, etc.) and emission
stage
Em
⋅CF
Sub, Schadstoff
3
Mtyp
= W ⋅CF ( Δ
Sub
( Alter ) ⋅ε
1
LF
Makat,Mtyp
Schadstoff , MaGatt, EmStufe
) ⋅CF
2
Schadstoff, Makat
Key:
Em Sub, Pollutant
= pollutant emissions per sub-segment [grams p.a.]
CF 1 (Δ Makat, Mtyp LF )
= adjustment factor for specific consumption in the case of deviation
of load factor from standard load as per ISO cycle
CF 2 Pollutant, Makat
= dynamic factor by pollutant and machine type
CF 3 Pollutant, Mtyp (∑ H Sub )
= deterioration rate by pollutant and engine type in dependence
on accumulated operating hours at a given machine age
ε Pollutant, MaGatt, EmStufe
= emission factor by pollutant, machine category and emission stage
[g per kWh]

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 118
A2
Machine categories and types
Tab. 16 > Categories and types of non-road machines
Machine category
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Construction machinery
Industrial machinery
Industrial machinery
Industrial machinery
Industrial machinery
Industrial machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Forestry machinery
Machine type
Road finishing machines
Hydraulic rammers of all types
Rolling mill engines of all types
Mechanical vibrators
Hand-operated stampers, vibrators
Hydraulic excavators
Cable dredgers
Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes
Graders
HGVs without licence for use on road
Crawler tractors
Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types
Dumpers and tippers
Emergency power supply systems/generators
Pumps of all types
Compressors of all types
Platforms (for lifting persons)
Tunnel locomotives
Concrete/surface milling cutters
Trench cutters
Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil engineering)
Forklifts of all types
Sweepers and cleansers
Industrial lifting platforms
Industrial tractors
Snow groomers
Single-axle mowers
Tractors (agriculture)
Combine harvesters
Spraying machines
Field choppers
Twin-axle mowers
Transporters and loaders
Farmyard loaders
Chainsaws (agriculture)
Tractors (household)
Chainsaws (forestry)
Cutters
Other small appliances
Haulers
Pick-up loaders
Processors
Wood chippers
Bark peeling machines
Wheeled excavators
Forestry forwarders
Conventional skyline cranes
Mobile skyline cranes
Machine category
Machine type
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Hedge cutters (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Ride-on mowers (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chainsaws (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Scarifiers (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chopping machines (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Snow blowers (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Abrasive grinders (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Drills (professional)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Hedge cutters (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Ride-on mowers (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chainsaws (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor sleds (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Scarifiers (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Mill cutters/chopping machines (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chopping machines (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Snow blowers (household)
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (household)
Marine machinery
Motorised yachts
Marine machinery
Fishing & other commercial boats
Marine machinery
Hire and privately owned motor boats
Marine machinery
Passenger ships
Marine machinery
Cargo ships/barges
Marine machinery
Ferries
Railway machinery
Shunting locomotives
Railway machinery
Twin-engined tractors
Railway machinery
Railway tractors
Railway machinery
Service vehicles
Military machinery
Pz 68 family
Military machinery Leo 87
Military machinery
Howitzers
Military machinery
Armoured personnel carriers
Military machinery
Other armoured vehicles
Military machinery
Reconnaissance vehicles
Military machinery
Caterpillar loaders/crawler Loaders
Military machinery
Rubber-wheeled loading shovels/wheel
loaders
Military machinery
Caterpillar excavators/crawler excavators
Military machinery
Walking excavators
Military machinery
Bulldozers/crawler tractors
Military machinery
Pile drivers/piling rigs
Military machinery
Crane trucks
Military machinery
Patrol boats
Military machinery
Other boats

Appendix 119
A3
Emission limit values
A3-1 Diesel-powered machines excluding ships/boats and railway vehicles
Tab. 17 > EU emission limit values for non-road diesel machines28 (in g per kWh)
Figures in parentheses are limit values for the sum of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions
(HC + NO x ).
Engine-power class EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV
Carbon monoxide (CO)
18–37 kW 29 - 5.5 5.5 - -
37–56 kW 6.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 -
56–75 kW 6.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
75–130 kW 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
130–560 kW 5.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
Hydrocarbons (HC)
18–37 kW 27 - 1.5 (7.5) - -
37–56 kW 1.3 1.3 (4.7) (4.7) -
56–75 kW 1.3 1.3 (4.7) 0.19 0.19
75–130 kW 1.3 1.0 (4.0) 0.19 0.19
130–560 kW 1.3 1.0 (4.0) 0.19 0.19
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
18–37 kW 27 - 8.0 (7.5) - -
37–56 kW 9.2 7.0 (4.7) (4.7) -
56–75 kW 9.2 7.0 (4.7) 3.3 0.4
75–130 kW 9.2 6.0 (4.0) 3.3 0.4
130–560 kW 9.2 6.0 (4.0) 2.0 0.4
Particulate matter (PM)
18–37 kW 27 - 0.8 0.6 - -
37–56 kW 0.85 0.4 0.4 0.025 -
56–75 kW 0.85 0.4 0.4 0.025 0.025
75–130 kW 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.025 0.025
130–560 kW 0.54 0.2 0.2 0.025 0.025
Source: EU 1997
28
Separate emission limit values apply to ships/boats and railway vehicles (see appendices A4-4 and A4-5.
29
For EU stage IIIA the first engine-power class is 19-37 kW.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 120
Tab. 18 > Year of introduction of emission limit values for non-road diesel machines
Figures have been rounded up or down for each year.
Engine-power class EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV
Construction, industrial and military machinery
18–37 kW - 2002 2007 - -
37–56 kW 2002 2004 2008 2013 -
56–75 kW 2002 2004 2008 2012 2014
75–130 kW 2002 2003 2007 2012 2014
>130 kW 2002 2002 2006 2011 2014
Agricultural and forestry machinery
18–37 kW - 2003 2007 - -
37–56 kW 2003 2004 2008 2013
56–75 kW 2003 2004 2008 2012 2014
75–130 kW 2003 2004 2007 2012 2014
>130 kW - 2003 2006 2011 2014
Source: EU 1997.

Appendix 121
A3-2 Small petrol-powered appliances
Tab. 19 > Emission limit values for small petrol-powered appliances in g per kWh
Figures in parentheses are limit values for the sum of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions
(HC + NO x ).
SH: hand-held appliances
SN: non-hand-held appliances
Engine-power class EU I EU II Engine-power class EU I EU II
Carbon monoxide (CO)
225 cc 519 610
Hydrocarbons (HC)
225 cc (13.4) (12.1)
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
225 cc (13.4) (12.1)
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages
225 cc 2004 2007
Source: EU 1997.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 122
A3-3 Marine machinery
Tab. 20 > Emission limit values for diesel-powered ships (in g per kWh)
SAV emission limit values calculated on the basis of average engine power.
Figures in parentheses are limit values for the sum of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions
(HC + NO x ).
Engine-power class SAV I SAV II 30 EU I EU II EU IIIA
Carbon monoxide (CO)
560 kW 60 20 5.0 5.0 5.0
Hydrocarbons (HC)
560 kW 3.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 (7.2)
Legal bases for emission limit values:
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 7.2.1
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 7.2.2
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 3.1.5
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 3.1.5
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 7.2.2 and Lake Constance
shipping ordinance (2005), Appendix C,
section 3.2.3
*PM emission limit values in the
ordinance are indicated as Bosch Filter
Smoke Number (FSN)
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
130 kW 15 10 9.2 6.0 (7.2)
Particulate matter (PM)
130 kW 4.0/3.0* 3.5/2.5* 0.54 0.20 0.20
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages
All engine-power classes 1995 1996 2003 2008 2009
30
Stage SAV II is only binding for vessels operated on Lake Constance.

Appendix 123
Tab. 21 > Emission limit values for diesel-powered boats (in g per kWh)
SAV emission limit values calculated on the basis of average engine power.
Engine-power class SAV I SAV II 31 EU
Carbon monoxide (CO)
100 kW 60 20 5
Hydrocarbons (HC)
100 kW 4 1.4 1.7
Legal bases for emission limit values:
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 7.2.1 and Lake Constance
shipping ordinance (2005) Appendix C,
section 3.2.1
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 7.2.2 and Lake Constance
shipping ordinance (2005) Appendix C,
section 3.2.3
*Maximum PM emission levels in the
ordinance are indicated as Bosch Filter
Smoke Number (FSN)
In accordance with Lake Constance
shipping ordinance (2005) Appendix C,
section 3.3.1.2
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 3.1.1
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
100 kW 15 10 9.8
Particulate matter (PM)
100 kW 4.0/3.0* 3.5/2.5* 1.0
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages
All engine-power classes 1995 1996 2007
31
Stage SAV II is only binding for vessels operated on Lake Constance.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 124
Tab. 22 > Emission limit values for petrol-powered boats (in g per kWh)
Engine-power class
2-stroke petrol engines
4-stroke petrol engines
SAV I SAV II SAV/EU 32 SAV I SAV II 33 EU I
Carbon monoxide (CO)
100 kW 60 20 155 60 20 155
Hydrocarbons (HC)
100 kW 4 1.4 7.3 4 1.4 7.3
Legal bases for emission limit values:
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 7.2.1 and Lake Constance
shipping ordinance (2005) Appendix C
section 3.2.1
In accordance with Lake Constance
shipping ordinance (2005) Appendix C,
section 3.3.1.1
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 3.1.1
In accordance with SAV (2007),
paragraph 7.3, identical to level
for 4-stroke engines
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
100 kW 15 5.0 15 15 5.0 15
Assumptions regarding introduction of EU emission stages
All engine-power classes 1995 1996 2007 1993 1996 2007
32
In accordance with the SAV, for 2-stroke engines the same levels apply as for 4-stroke engines.
33
Stage SAV II is only binding for vessels operated on Lake Constance, and (since 2006) only for petrol engines with an engine power >
74 kW.

Appendix 125
A3-4
Railway vehicles
34
Tab. 23 > Emission limit values for railway vehicles (in g per kWh)
The UIC figures are non-binding recommendations.
Figures in parentheses are limit values for the sum of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions
(HC + NO x ).
Engine-power class UIC IA UIC IB UIC IC UIC II UIC III EU IIIA EU IIIB
Carbon monoxide (CO)
560 kW 8.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 3.5
Hydrocarbons (HC)
560 kW 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
560 kW 20.0 16.0 12.0 9.5 6.0 6.0 3.6
Particulate matter (PM)
560 kW 2.5 2.0 1.6 0.25 0.20 0.2 0.025
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages
560 kW 1982 1993 1997 2003 2008 2009 2012
Sources: IFEU 2003; EU emission limit values: EU 2004.
34
Locomotives and motor coaches are treated separately in EU Directive 97/68/EC, though the emission limit values for the engine-power
classes concerned are identical.

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 126
A4
Emission and fuel consumption factors
A4-1 Diesel-powered machines excluding ships/boats and railway vehicles
Tab. 24 > Emission factors for non-road diesel machines (in g per kWh)
Figures in italics: assumption concerning future development of emission factors.
Engine-power class Pre-EU A Pre-EU B EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV
Carbon monoxide (CO)
130 kW 3.62 3.62 1.04 0.91 0.77 0.66 0.50
Hydrocarbons (HC)
130 kW 0.91 0.91 0.43 0.30 0.22 0.17 0.17
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
130 kW 12.52 9.96 8.19 5.66 3.38 1.80 0.36
Sources of emission
and consumption factors:
EPA data
EPA data with a reduction rate equivalent
to that for Filter Smoke Number
measurement data
Homologation level plus manufacturing
tolerance
Average of homologation level and limit
value
Split of cumulative limit value of HC +
NOx, less 10%
Weighted average of emission factors
obtained from limit values for enginepower
classes 37–56 kW and 56–75 kW
Limit values less 10%
Assumption or adoption of figure from
another emission stage/engine-power
class (arrow)
Particulate matter (PM)
130 kW 0.61 0.47 0.22 0.16 0.16 0.02 0.02
Fuel consumption (FC)
130 kW 223 223 223 223 223 223 223
35
Level based on evaluations of black smoke measurement data.

Appendix 127
Tab. 25 > Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages
For emission stages for which the emission factors are based on assumptions (as per section
4.3.3) instead of emission limit values, the year of introduction is shown in parentheses.
Figures in italics: assumption concerning future development of emission factors.
Engine-power class Pre-EU A Pre-EU B EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV
Construction, industrial and military machinery

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 128
A4-3 Petrol-powered appliances
Tab. 27 > Emission factors of appliances with 4-stroke petrol engines (in g per kWh)
For appliances put into circulation before 2004, the emission factors are based on the
corresponding assumptions (Pre-EU) instead of on emission limit values. The year of
introduction is shown in parentheses.Figures in italics: assumption concerning future
development of emission factors.
Engine-power class Pre-EU A Pre-EU B Pre-EU C EU I EU II EU III
Carbon monoxide (CO)
225 cc 470 470 470 467 467 400
Sources for emission and consumption
factors:
Split of cumulative limit value of HC +
NOx, less 10%
Limit values less 10%
Reduction parallel to reduction of HC
emissions
Assumption or adopted level from
another emission stage/engine-power
class (arrow)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
225 cc 20 20 20 10 9 6
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
225 cc 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.2 1.9 2
Fuel consumption (FC)
225 cc 460 460 460 450 450 450
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages

Appendix 129
Tab. 28 > Emission factors of appliances with 2-stroke petrol engines (in g per kWh)
For appliances put into circulation before 2004, the emission factors are based on the
corresponding assumptions (Pre-EU) instead of on emission limit values. The year of
introduction is shown in parentheses.Figures in italics: assumption concerning future
development of emission factors.
Engine-power class Pre-EU A Pre-EU B Pre-EU C EU I EU II EU III
Carbon monoxide (CO)
50 cc 650 640 620 540 540 500
Split of cumulative limit value of HC +
NOx, less 10%
Limit values less 10%
Reduction parallel to reduction of
HC emissions
Assumption or adopted level from
another emission stage/engine-power
class (arrow)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
50 cc 260 250 150 100 58 25
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
50 cc 1.5 2 3 4.8 6.3 6.3
Fuel consumption (FC)
50 cc 660 650 550 500 460 425
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 130
A4-4 Marine machinery
Tab. 29 > Emission factors of diesel-powered ships (in g per kWh)
Figures in italics: assumption concerning future development of emission factors.
Engine-power class Pre-SAV SAV EU I EU II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV
Carbon monoxide (CO)
560 kW 5 5 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.5 3.5
Sources of emission factors:
Same factor as for diesel engines
(Tab. 24)
Split of cumulative limit value of HC +
NOx, less 10%
Limit values less 10%
Assumption or adopted level from
another emission stage/engine-power
class (arrow)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
560 kW 5 2.8 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.2
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
130 kW 12.5 12.5 8.3 6.3 5.7 2.0 0.4
Particulate matter (PM)
130 kW 0.6 0.47 0.49 0.18 0.18 0.02 0.02
Fuel consumption (FC)
130 kW 223 223 223 223 223 223 223
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages
All engine-power
(

Appendix 131
Tab. 30 > Emission factors of diesel-powered boats (in g per kWh)
Figures in italics: assumption concerning future development of emission factors.
Engine-power class Pre-SAV SAV EU I EU II EU III
Carbon monoxide (CO)
100 kW 5.0 3.6 (6%) 3.6 3.5 3.5
Sources of emission factors:
Same factor as for diesel engines
(Tab. 24)
Limit value taking account of utilisation
of limit value (figure in parentheses)
in accordance with EMPA 2006
Limit values less 10%
Assumption or adopted level from
another emission stage/engine-power
class (arrow)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
100 kW 5 1.2 (30%) 1.2 1.0 0.5
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
100 kW 13 11 (73%) 8.8 6.0 2.0
Particulate matter (PM)
100 kW 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.02
Fuel consumption (FC)
100 kW 300 300 300 300 300
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages
All engine-power classes (

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 132
Tab. 31 > Emission factors of petrol-powered boats (in g per kWh)
Engine-power class
2-stroke petrol engines
4-stroke petrol engines
Pre-SAV SAV SAV/EU Pre-SAV SAV EU
Carbon monoxide (CO)
100 kW 645 45 (73%) 139 350 45 (73%) 139
Hydrocarbons (HC)
100 kW 260 2.1 (52%) 5 20 2.1 (52%) 5
Sources of emission factors:
Same factor as for diesel engines
(Tab. 27, Tab. 28)
Limit value taking account of utilisation of
limit value (figure in parentheses) in
accordance with EMPA 2006
Limit values less 30% due to requirement
of complying with limit value for 10 years,
Limit values less 10%
Assumption or adopted level from
another emission stage/engine-power
class (arrow)
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
100 kW 15 9.6 (64%) 9.6 3.5 9.6 (64%) 9.6
Fuel consumption (FC)
100 kW 650 380 380 380 380 380
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages
All engine-power
classes
(

Appendix 133
Tab. 32 > Emission factors of steam-powered ships (in g per kWh)
Pollutant Steam 1 Steam 2 Steam 3 Steam 4 Steam 5 Steam 6 Steam 7
CO 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
HC 0.449 0.449 0.449 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33
NOX 2.336 2.336 2.336 1.77 1.558 1.257 1.027
PM 0.033 0.024 0.015 0.009 0.006 0.006 0.006
The emission and consumption factors
for steam-powered ships are not based
on emission limit values, but instead on
the following sources:
SAEFL 1996a, p. 218
Assumption based on consumption data
provided by operators
Fuel consumption 1406 1115 1115 1115 1115 1115 1115
Assumptions concerning year in which measures are introduced to bring about improvements
All engine-power
classes
Emission factors of railway vehicles (in g per kWh)
Figures in italics: assumption concerning future development of emission factors.
Engine-power class Pre-EU UIC I UIC II EU IIIA EU IIIB EU IV
Carbon monoxide (CO)
560 kW 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Hydrocarbons (HC)
560 kW 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
560 kW 16 12 9.5 5.4 3.2 2.0
Sources of emission
and consumption factors:
Figures for diesel engines as per Tab. 24
(rounded up/down)
UIC recommended emission limit value
for engines manufactured after 1993
UIC recommended emission limit value
as per UIC I and UIC II
Split of cumulative limit value of HC +
NOx , less 10%
EU-values less 10%
Assumption by INFRAS
Adoption of level from another emission
stage/engine-power class (arrow)
Particulate matter (PM)
560 kW 0.6 0.5 0.25 0.18 0.023 0.023
Fuel consumption (FC)
560 kW 223 223 223 223 223 223
Assumptions regarding introduction of EU emission stages
560 kW 2000 2003 2009 2012 2020

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 134
A5
Conversion factors for carbon dioxide emissions
Tab. 34 > Conversion factors for calculating CO 2 emissions
36
Grams of CO 2 per gram of fuel .
Fuel
Diesel
Petrol
Heating oil
Gas
Conversion factor
3.150 g/g
3.141 g/g
3.140 g/g
2.558 g/g
36
CO2 emissions are determined independently of the engine type with the aid of these conversion factors. As a result, carbon dioxide
emissions from appliances with 2-stroke engines tend to be overestimated, since with these engines a significant proportion of carbon is
emitted in the form of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.

Appendix 135
A6
Engine rated power and load factors
Tab. 35 > Engine rated power, standard load factors and effective load factors for the individual machine types
Machine category Machine type Engine type Engine rated
Load factor
power kW
Standard Deviation Effective
Construction machinery Road finishing machines Diesel 62 0.48 0.42 0.20
Construction machinery Hydraulic rammers of all types Diesel 95 0.48 0.42 0.20
Construction machinery Rolling mill engines of all types Diesel 39 0.48 0.42 0.20
Construction machinery Mechanical vibrators Diesel 69 0.48 0.42 0.20
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Petrol (4-str) 4 0.20 1.00 0.20
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Diesel 5 0.48 0.42 0.20
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Petrol (2-str) 3 0.20 1.00 0.20
Construction machinery Hydraulic excavators Diesel 57 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Cable dredgers Diesel 97 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes Diesel 137 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Graders Diesel 125 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery HGVs without licence for use on road Diesel 200 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Crawler tractors Diesel 124 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types Diesel 98 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Dumpers and tippers Diesel 57 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Emergency power supply systems/generators Petrol (4-str) 8 0.47 1.00 0.47
Construction machinery Emergency power supply systems/generators Diesel 23 0.47 0.98 0.46
Construction machinery Pumps of all types Petrol (4-str) 5 0.20 1.00 0.20
Construction machinery Pumps of all types Diesel 15 0.77 1.00 0.77
Construction machinery Compressors of all types Diesel 55 0.47 0.98 0.46
Construction machinery Platforms (for lifting persons) Diesel 68 0.48 0.42 0.20
Construction machinery Tunnel locomotives Diesel 178 0.48 0.60 0.29
Construction machinery Concrete/surface milling cutters Petrol (4-str) 12 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Concrete/surface milling cutters Diesel 112 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Trench cutters Diesel 22 0.48 1.00 0.48
Construction machinery Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil engineering) Diesel 85 0.48 1.00 0.48
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types Petrol (4-str) 28 0.20 1.00 0.20
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types Diesel 41 0.48 0.42 0.20
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types CNG 41 0.20 1.00 0.20
Industrial machinery Sweepers and cleansers Diesel 59 0.48 0.42 0.20
Industrial machinery Industrial lifting platforms Diesel 67 0.48 0.42 0.20
Industrial machinery Industrial tractors Petrol (4-str) 20 0.48 0.52 0.25
Industrial machinery Industrial tractors Diesel 35 0.48 0.52 0.25
Industrial machinery Snow groomers Diesel 213 0.48 1.00 0.48
Agricultural machinery Single-axle mowers Petrol (4-str) 8 0.48 0.83 0.40
Agricultural machinery Tractors (agriculture) Diesel 59 0.48 0.63 0.30
Agricultural machinery Combine harvesters Diesel 153 0.48 0.83 0.40
Agricultural machinery Spraying machines Diesel 21 0.48 0.63 0.30

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 136
Machine category Machine type Engine type Engine rated
Load factor
power kW
Standard Deviation Effective
Agricultural machinery Field choppers Diesel 177 0.48 0.83 0.40
Agricultural machinery Twin-axle mowers Diesel 34 0.48 0.63 0.30
Agricultural machinery Transporters and loaders Diesel 39 0.48 0.63 0.30
Agricultural machinery Farmyard loaders Diesel 30 0.48 0.63 0.30
Agricultural machinery Chainsaws (agriculture) Petrol (2-str) 3 0.50 1.70 0.85
Agricultural machinery Tractors (household) Petrol (4-str) 35 0.48 0.42 0.20
Agricultural machinery Tractors (household) Diesel 37 0.48 0.42 0.20
Forestry machinery Chainsaws (forestry) Petrol (2-str) 4 0.50 1.70 0.85
Forestry machinery Cutters Petrol (2-str) 3 0.28 1.79 0.50
Forestry machinery Other small appliances Petrol (2-str) 4 0.28 1.00 0.28
Forestry machinery Haulers Diesel 65 0.48 0.63 0.30
Forestry machinery Pick-up loaders Diesel 108 0.48 1.00 0.48
Forestry machinery Processors Diesel 55 0.48 1.00 0.48
Forestry machinery Wood chippers Diesel 263 0.48 1.00 0.48
Forestry machinery Bark peeling machines Diesel 272 0.48 1.00 0.48
Forestry machinery Wheeled excavators Diesel 95 0.48 1.00 0.48
Forestry machinery Forestry forwarders Diesel 111 0.48 1.00 0.48
Forestry machinery Conventional skyline cranes Diesel 60 0.48 0.42 0.20
Forestry machinery Mobile skyline cranes Diesel 89 0.48 0.42 0.20
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) Petrol (4-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) Petrol (2-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Hedge cutters (professional) Petrol (2-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (professional) Petrol (2-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 4 0.28 1.00 0.28
Garden-care/hobby appliances Ride-on mowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 8 0.28 1.00 0.28
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chainsaws (professional) Petrol (2-str) 3 0.50 1.70 0.85
Garden-care/hobby appliances Scarifiers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 4 0.28 1.00 0.28
Garden-care/hobby appliances Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional) Petrol (4-str) 4 0.50 1.00 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chopping machines (professional) Petrol (4-str) 2 0.48 1.00 0.48
Garden-care/hobby appliances Snow blowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 2 0.48 1.00 0.48
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (professional) Petrol (4-str) 2 0.28 1.00 0.28
Garden-care/hobby appliances Abrasive grinders (professional) Petrol (2-str) 2 0.48 1.04 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Drills (professional) Petrol (4-str) 2 0.48 1.04 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Drills (professional) Petrol (2-str) 2 0.48 1.04 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) Petrol (4-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) Petrol (2-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Hedge cutters (household) Petrol (2-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (household) Petrol (2-str) 1 0.28 1.79 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 4 0.28 1.00 0.28
Garden-care/hobby appliances Ride-on mowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 8 0.28 1.00 0.28

Appendix 137
Machine category Machine type Engine type Engine rated
Load factor
power kW
Standard Deviation Effective
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chainsaws (household) Petrol (2-str) 2 0.50 1.00 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor sleds (household) Petrol (4-str) 4 0.48 1.00 0.48
Garden-care/hobby appliances Scarifiers (household) Petrol (4-str) 2 0.28 1.00 0.28
Garden-care/hobby appliances Mill cutters/chopping machines (household) Petrol (4-str) 4 0.50 1.00 0.50
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chopping machines (household) Petrol (4-str) 4 0.48 1.00 0.48
Garden-care/hobby appliances Snow blowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 2 0.48 1.00 0.48
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (household) Petrol (4-str) 2 0.28 1.00 0.28
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Petrol (4-str) 5 0.30 1.00 0.30
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Diesel 15 0.48 0.63 0.30
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Petrol (2-str) 3 0.30 1.00 0.30
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Petrol (4-str) 38 0.30 1.00 0.30
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Diesel 114 0.48 0.63 0.30
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Petrol (2-str) 3 0.30 1.00 0.30
Marine machinery Hire and privately owned motor boats Petrol (4-str) 72 0.30 1.00 0.30
Marine machinery Hire and privately owned motor boats Diesel 108 0.48 0.63 0.30
Marine machinery Hire and privately owned motor boats Petrol (2-str) 5 0.30 1.00 0.30
Marine machinery Passenger ships Diesel 368 0.62 1.00 0.62
Marine machinery Passenger ships Steam 521 0.62 1.00 0.62
Marine machinery Cargo ships/barges Diesel 218 0.62 1.00 0.62
Marine machinery Ferries Diesel 730 0.62 1.00 0.62
Railway machinery Shunting locomotives Diesel 725 0.33 0.48 0.16
Railway machinery Twin-engined tractors Diesel 149 0.33 0.48 0.16
Railway machinery Railway tractors Diesel 146 0.33 0.48 0.16
Railway machinery Service vehicles Diesel 215 0.48 0.60 0.29
Military machinery Pz 68 family Diesel 380 0.48 0.50 0.24
Military machinery Leo 87 Diesel 800 0.48 0.50 0.24
Military machinery Howitzers Diesel 200 0.48 0.50 0.24
Military machinery Armoured personnel carriers Diesel 200 0.48 0.50 0.24
Military machinery Other armoured vehicles Diesel 200 0.48 0.50 0.24
Military machinery Reconnaissance vehicles Diesel 95 0.48 0.50 0.24
Military machinery Caterpillar loaders/crawler loaders Diesel 200 0.48 0.60 0.29
Military machinery Rubber-wheeled loading shovels/wheel loaders Diesel 95 0.48 0.60 0.29
Military machinery Caterpillar excavators/crawler excavators Diesel 95 0.48 0.60 0.29
Military machinery Walking excavators Diesel 95 0.48 0.60 0.29
Military machinery Bulldozers/crawler tractors Diesel 200 0.48 0.60 0.29
Military machinery Pile drivers/piling rigs Diesel 55 0.48 0.60 0.29
Military machinery Crane trucks Diesel 380 0.48 0.60 0.29
Military machinery Patrol boats Diesel 22 0.48 0.63 0.30
Military machinery Other boats Petrol (4-str) 22 0.30 1.00 0.30

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 138
A7
Machine types with dynamic pollutant emissions
Tab. 36 > Machine types with dynamic pollutant emissions
Machine category
Machine type
Machine category
Machine type
Construction machinery Road finishing machines
Construction machinery Rolling mill engines of all types
Construction machinery Hydraulic excavators
Construction machinery Cable dredgers
Construction machinery Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes
Construction machinery Graders
Construction machinery HGVs without licence for use on road
Construction machinery Crawler tractors
Construction machinery Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types
Construction machinery Dumpers and tippers
Construction machinery Tunnel locomotives
Construction machinery Concrete/surface milling cutters
Construction machinery Trench cutters
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types
Industrial machinery Sweepers and cleansers
Industrial machinery Industrial tractors
Agricultural machinery Tractors (agriculture)
Agricultural machinery Combine harvesters
Agricultural machinery Spraying machines
Agricultural machinery Field choppers
Agricultural machinery Twin-axle mowers
Agricultural machinery Transporters and loaders
Agricultural machinery Farmyard loaders
Forestry machinery Pick-up loaders
Forestry machinery Processors
Forestry machinery Wood chippers
Forestry machinery Bark peeling machines
Forestry machinery Wheeled excavators
Forestry machinery Forestry forwarders
Forestry machinery Conventional skyline cranes
Forestry machinery Mobile skyline cranes
Marine machinery Hire and privately owned motor boats
Railway machinery Shunting locomotives
Railway machinery Service vehicles
Military machinery Pz 68 family
Military machinery Leo 87
Military machinery Howitzers
Military machinery Armoured personnel carriers
Military machinery Other armoured vehicles
Military machinery Reconnaissance vehicles
Military machinery Caterpillar loaders/crawler loaders
Military machinery Rubber-wheeled loading shovels/wheel loaders
Military machinery Caterpillar excavators/crawler excavators
Military machinery Walking excavators
Military machinery Bulldozers/crawler tractors
Military machinery Crane trucks
Military machinery Patrol boats

Appendix 139
A8
Inventories and operating hours by machine category
Tab. 37 > Inventories
Machine category 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery 58,427 59,145 56,070 52,443 47,995 47,354 45,849 44,690 43,399
Industrial machinery 9,021 11,524 13,947 18,372 22,748 22,748 22,599 22,449 22,300
Agricultural machinery 292,773 305,078 324,567 324,047 337,869 339,948 342,230 341,703 339,063
Forestry machinery 11,815 12,818 13,844 13,357 13,055 12,749 11,945 11,128 10,303
Garden-care/hobby appliances 558,013 608,363 659,828 719,118 779,052 763,881 748,708 733,535 718,362
Marine machinery 86,126 0 93,395 89,042 82,674 82,647 82,622 82,593 82,563
Railway machinery 529 915 1,300 1,305 1,255 1,255 1,255 1,255 1,255
Military machinery 1,340 1,340 1,340 1,340 1,340 1,340 1,340 1,340 1,340
Total 1,018,044 1,093,391 1,164,291 1,219,024 1,285,988 1,271,922 1,256,548 1,238,693 1,218,585
Tab. 38 > Total operating hours (in million hrs p.a.)
Machine category 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery 13.4 14.7 16.7 18.5 18.4 18.3 17.8 17.4 16.9
Industrial machinery 5.6 7.2 8.8 11.9 15.0 15.0 14.9 14.8 14.7
Agricultural machinery 39.9 39.3 38.8 38.2 37.7 36.6 35.5 34.3 33.1
Forestry machinery 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.1
Garden-care/hobby appliances 8.5 11.4 14.4 17.7 21.1 20.8 20.5 20.2 19.9
Marine machinery 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
Railway machinery 0.46 0.63 0.80 0.82 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77
Military machinery 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06
Total 73.9 79.7 86.0 93.4 99.0 97.4 95.2 93.1 90.8
Tab. 39 > Specific operating hours (in hrs p.a.)
Machine category 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery 229 249 299 353 383 386 387 388 388
Industrial machinery 625 626 628 648 660 660 660 659 659
Agricultural machinery 136 129 119 118 112 108 104 100 98
Forestry machinery 203 201 199 201 203 202 202 201 200
Garden-care/hobby appliances 15 19 22 25 27 27 27 28 28
Marine machinery 41 40 40 39 40 40 40 40 40
Railway machinery 875 691 612 627 616 616 616 616 616
Military machinery 48 50 51 53 54 52 49 47 45

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 140
A9
Inventories and operating hours of individual machine types
Tab. 40 > Inventories and operating hours by machine category and type
Reference year, 2005.
Machine category Machine type Engine type Inventory Operating
hours
Specific operating
hours p.a.
Service life
[yrs]
Construction machinery Road finishing machines Diesel 390 116,100 300 4.7
Construction machinery Hydraulic rammers of all types Diesel 60 18,000 300 4.7
Construction machinery Rolling mill engines of all types Diesel 2,450 857,500 350 4.7
Construction machinery Mechanical vibrators Diesel 98 29,300 299 4.7
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Petrol (4-str) 1,850 554,100 300 3.6
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Diesel 3,000 1,049,900 350 4.7
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Petrol (2-str) 5,650 1,696,000 300 3.6
Construction machinery Hydraulic excavators Diesel 8,000 5,184,000 648 4.7
Construction machinery Cable dredgers Diesel 120 24,000 200 7.2
Construction machinery Rubber-tyred cranes and mobile cranes Diesel 870 266,400 308 4.7
Construction machinery Graders Diesel 200 100,000 500 5.9
Construction machinery HGVs without licence for use on road Diesel 150 105,000 700 8.8
Construction machinery Crawler tractors Diesel 350 122,500 350 4.7
Construction machinery Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types Diesel 6,900 3,488,300 506 4.7
Construction machinery Dumpers and tippers Diesel 4,000 2,000,000 500 4.7
Construction machinery Emergency power supply systems/generators Petrol (4-str) 2,050 163,400 80 3.6
Construction machinery Emergency power supply systems/generators Diesel 920 14,800 16 7.2
Construction machinery Pumps of all types Petrol (4-str) 400 58,500 146 3.6
Construction machinery Pumps of all types Diesel 120 17,500 146 4.7
Construction machinery Compressors of all types Diesel 8,080 1,615,000 200 4.7
Construction machinery Platforms (for lifting persons) Diesel 310 93,100 302 4.7
Construction machinery Tunnel locomotives Diesel 110 52,500 500 4.7
Construction machinery Concrete/surface milling cutters Petrol (4-str) 860 401,000 467 3.6
Construction machinery Concrete/surface milling cutters Diesel 160 74,200 473 4.7
Construction machinery Trench cutters Diesel 50 15,000 300 4.7
Construction machinery Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil engineering) Diesel 230 139,000 604 4.7
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types Petrol (4-str) 850 612,000 720 8.8
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types Diesel 13,600 9,792,000 720 8.8
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types CNG 2,550 1,836,000 720 8.8
Industrial machinery Sweepers and cleansers Diesel 500 500,000 1,000 5.9
Industrial machinery Industrial lifting platforms Diesel 1,600 800,000 500 7.2
Industrial machinery Industrial tractors Petrol (4-str) 320 97,200 300 7.2
Industrial machinery Industrial tractors Diesel 2,380 712,800 300 7.2
Industrial machinery Snow groomers Diesel 950 663,600 700 7.2
Agricultural machinery Single-axle mowers Petrol (4-str) 72,560 8,707,400 120 18.8
Agricultural machinery Tractors (agriculture) Diesel 107,750 21,009,100 195 19.5
Agricultural machinery Combine harvesters Diesel 3,730 373,100 100 7.1

Appendix 141
Machine category Machine type Engine type Inventory Operating
hours
Specific operating
hours p.a.
Service life
[yrs]
Agricultural machinery Spraying machines Diesel 2,200 264,000 120 11.1
Agricultural machinery Field choppers Diesel 360 42,900 119 9.0
Agricultural machinery Twin-axle mowers Diesel 12,000 1,455,000 121 9.9
Agricultural machinery Transporters and loaders Diesel 22,480 1,798,200 80 10.8
Agricultural machinery Farmyard loaders Diesel 6,750 675,000 100 8.0
Agricultural machinery Chainsaws (agriculture) Petrol (2-str) 95,000 1,900,000 20 6.3
Agricultural machinery Tractors (household) Petrol (4-str) 2,400 35,800 15 31.7
Agricultural machinery Tractors (household) Diesel 14,720 306,600 21 36.3
Forestry machinery Chainsaws (forestry) Petrol (2-str) 6,900 1,035,000 150 2.0
Forestry machinery Cutters Petrol (2-str) 2,200 330,000 150 2.0
Forestry machinery Other small appliances Petrol (2-str) 1,880 112,500 60 4.4
Forestry machinery Haulers Diesel 1,380 793,100 577 5.9
Forestry machinery Pick-up loaders Diesel 35 36,800 1,050 3.2
Forestry machinery Processors Diesel 14 9,600 688 4.4
Forestry machinery Wood chippers Diesel 39 41,000 1,050 3.8
Forestry machinery Bark peeling machines Diesel 5 4,000 800 6.5
Forestry machinery Wheeled excavators Diesel 36 16,200 450 5.9
Forestry machinery Forestry forwarders Diesel 110 108,700 988 3.7
Forestry machinery Conventional skyline cranes Diesel 90 40,500 450 8.0
Forestry machinery Mobile skyline cranes Diesel 70 42,000 600 5.4
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) Petrol (4-str) 7,880 1,575,000 200 2.9
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) Petrol (2-str) 23,630 4,725,000 200 2.9
Garden-care/hobby appliances Hedge cutters (professional) Petrol (2-str) 3,310 496,200 150 3.6
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 390 59,100 150 4.7
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (professional) Petrol (2-str) 2,760 413,800 150 4.7
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 11,400 1,140,000 100 2.9
Garden-care/hobby appliances Ride-on mowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 5,000 1,000,000 200 3.6
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chainsaws (professional) Petrol (2-str) 4,040 606,500 150 2.4
Garden-care/hobby appliances Scarifiers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 1,000 500,000 500 3.6
Garden-care/hobby appliances Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional) Petrol (4-str) 2,000 300,000 150 3.6
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chopping machines (professional) Petrol (4-str) 1,390 111,000 80 3.6
Garden-care/hobby appliances Snow blowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 3,800 722,000 190 4.7
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (professional) Petrol (4-str) 3,500 1,050,000 300 4.7
Garden-care/hobby appliances Abrasive grinders (professional) Petrol (2-str) 4,240 254,500 60 5.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Drills (professional) Petrol (4-str) 970 145,000 150 2.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Drills (professional) Petrol (2-str) 640 96,700 150 2.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) Petrol (4-str) 15,750 98,400 6 8.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) Petrol (2-str) 141,750 885,900 6 8.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Hedge cutters (household) Petrol (2-str) 7,980 49,900 6 8.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 400 2,500 6 8.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (household) Petrol (2-str) 7,600 47,500 6 8.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 352,000 4,400,000 13 10.0

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 142
Machine category Machine type Engine type Inventory Operating
hours
Specific operating
hours p.a.
Service life
[yrs]
Garden-care/hobby appliances Ride-on mowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 10,000 125,000 13 10.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chainsaws (household) Petrol (2-str) 96,610 603,800 6 8.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor sleds (household) Petrol (4-str) 1,200 12,000 10 5.9
Garden-care/hobby appliances Scarifiers (household) Petrol (4-str) 3,000 9,000 3 5.9
Garden-care/hobby appliances Mill cutters/chopping machines (household) Petrol (4-str) 20,000 125,000 6 8.0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chopping machines (household) Petrol (4-str) 1,850 5,300 3 5.9
Garden-care/hobby appliances Snow blowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 22,800 1,083,000 48 5.9
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (household) Petrol (4-str) 7,000 140,000 20 5.9
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Petrol (4-str) 5,880 176,300 30 5.9
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Diesel 11,710 351,200 30 8.8
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Petrol (2-str) 5,810 174,400 30 5.9
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Petrol (4-str) 950 473,800 500 5.9
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Diesel 190 93,800 500 8.8
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Petrol (2-str) 19 9,400 500 5.9
Marine machinery Hire & privately owned motor boats Petrol (4-str) 42,590 1,277,700 30 5.9
Marine machinery Hire & privately owned motor boats Diesel 4,100 123,100 30 8.8
Marine machinery Hire & privately owned motor boats Petrol (2-str) 11,000 330,100 30 5.9
Marine machinery Passenger ships Diesel 140 167,700 1,181 25.5
Marine machinery Passenger ships Steam 14 10,800 768 7.4
Marine machinery Cargo ships/barges Diesel 240 118,000 500 25.5
Marine machinery Ferries Diesel 8 28,000 3,500 25.5
Railway machinery Shunting locomotives Diesel 200 322,300 1,628 25.4
Railway machinery Twin-engined tractors Diesel 160 47,400 300 20.9
Railway machinery Railway tractors Diesel 770 347,900 450 20.9
Railway machinery Service vehicles Diesel 130 55,400 440 20.9
Military machinery Pz 68 family Diesel 77 3,700 48 30.0
Military machinery Leo 87 Diesel 180 8,400 48 11.5
Military machinery Howitzers Diesel 230 11,100 48 11.9
Military machinery Armoured personnel carriers Diesel 470 22,400 48 30.0
Military machinery Other armoured vehicles Diesel 100 4,800 48 2.0
Military machinery Reconnaissance vehicles Diesel 100 4,800 48 2.5
Military machinery Caterpillar loaders/crawler loaders Diesel 10 700 71 4.7
Military machinery Rubber-wheeled loading shovels/wheel loaders Diesel 47 3,300 71 4.7
Military machinery Caterpillar excavators/crawler excavators Diesel 25 1,800 71 4.7
Military machinery Walking excavators Diesel 7 500 71 4.7
Military machinery Bulldozers/crawler tractors Diesel 6 400 71 4.7
Military machinery Pile drivers/piling rigs Diesel 21 1,500 71 4.7
Military machinery Crane trucks Diesel 4 300 71 4.7
Military machinery Patrol boats Diesel 11 1,000 95 4.7
Military machinery Other boats Petrol (4-str) 50 4,800 95 4.7

Appendix 143
A10
Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions
Tab. 41 > Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Fuel consumption
Diesel 221,270 243,397 270,719 299,174 321,476 329,515 332,776 330,153 325,638
Petrol (4-stroke) 45,538 45,583 44,428 42,680 40,821 40,255 39,864 39,396 38,989
Petrol (2-stroke) 9,314 10,711 11,930 12,747 12,903 10,379 8,655 7,138 5,912
Heating oil (for steamships) 1,942 2,196 2,592 3,259 3,454 3,754 3,754 3,754 3,754
Gas 2,023 2,697 3,371 5,064 6,786 6,842 6,874 6,887 6,891
Pollutant emissions
HC 8,285 9,006 9,636 9,988 9,344 6,512 4,544 3,181 2,224
CO 56,650 58,479 59,258 58,665 52,433 45,125 41,303 39,291 35,607
NOX 10,973 12,111 13,523 14,971 14,796 12,731 9,338 6,313 3,983
PM 854 929 1,024 1,126 1,127 887 536 296 160
CO2 880,566 957,325 1,046,562 1,139,704 1,209,630 1,226,333 1,230,041 1,215,574 1,196,236

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 144
A11
Fuel consumption by machine category
Tab. 42 > Fuel consumption by machine category (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery Petrol (2-stroke) 980 1,092 1,085 1,063 797 677 607 554 502
Construction machinery Petrol (4-stroke) 1,581 1,712 1,912 2,084 1,964 1,877 1,779 1,706 1,626
Construction machinery Diesel 66,752 76,717 91,127 105,491 112,729 116,931 119,281 118,008 116,710
Industrial machinery Petrol (4-stroke) 734 967 1,197 1,680 2,159 2,153 2,133 2,119 2,112
Industrial machinery Diesel 25,165 29,388 33,485 40,594 47,660 48,304 46,559 44,192 41,643
Industrial machinery Gas 2,023 2,697 3,371 5,064 6,786 6,842 6,874 6,887 6,891
Agricultural machinery Petrol (2-stroke) 3,090 3,277 3,464 3,650 3,700 3,385 3,077 2,775 2,567
Agricultural machinery Petrol (4-stroke) 24,801 22,673 20,523 18,341 16,054 15,435 14,962 14,378 13,815
Agricultural machinery Diesel 100,984 107,677 113,822 119,517 124,839 125,798 126,163 125,810 124,416
Forestry machinery Petrol (2-stroke) 2,459 2,906 3,353 3,221 3,050 2,293 1,876 1,480 1,168
Forestry machinery Diesel 5,310 5,288 5,587 5,926 6,506 7,626 8,525 9,390 10,291
Garden-care/hobby appliances Petrol (2-stroke) 2,232 2,831 3,429 4,257 4,958 3,701 2,790 2,025 1,371
Garden-care/hobby appliances Petrol (4-stroke) 3,297 4,071 4,880 5,721 6,544 6,760 7,012 7,294 7,567
Marine machinery Petrol (2-stroke) 553 605 599 556 398 323 305 304 304
Marine machinery Petrol (4-stroke) 15,111 16,146 15,902 14,839 14,085 14,016 13,965 13,886 13,857
Marine machinery Steam (heating oil) 1,942 2,196 2,592 3,259 3,454 3,754 3,754 3,754 3,754
Marine machinery Diesel 15,334 15,395 16,481 16,210 17,927 18,416 19,175 19,183 19,094
Railway machinery Diesel 6,677 7,853 9,107 10,294 10,641 11,314 11,990 12,544 12,511
Military machinery Petrol (4-stroke) 14 14 14 15 15 14 13 13 12
Military machinery Diesel 1,048 1,079 1,110 1,142 1,174 1,126 1,083 1,026 973

Appendix 145
A12
Emissions by machine category
Tab. 43 > Emissions by machine category (in tonnes p.a.)
Pollutant Machine category 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Construction machinery 920 1,028 1,121 1,210 1,100 777 428 279 193
HC Industrial machinery 233 262 284 352 416 341 217 140 103
HC Agricultural machinery 3,266 3,256 3,241 3,226 3,070 2,574 1,972 1,425 986
HC Forestry machinery 1,080 1,271 1,463 1,408 1,259 643 418 202 83
HC Garden-care/hobby appliances 1,137 1,444 1,752 2,153 2,407 1,516 969 651 422
HC Marine machinery 1,582 1,667 1,685 1,538 988 586 471 432 395
HC Railway machinery 62 73 85 96 99 71 65 49 40
HC Military machinery 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 2
CO Construction machinery 4,418 4,914 5,517 6,098 5,929 4,783 3,451 2,878 2,314
CO Industrial machinery 1,321 1,647 1,963 2,624 3,265 2,986 2,609 2,359 2,085
CO Agricultural machinery 28,981 27,318 25,615 23,878 21,888 20,702 19,280 17,786 16,148
CO Forestry machinery 2,376 2,778 3,190 3,080 2,986 2,503 1,991 1,661 1,227
CO Garden-care/hobby appliances 5,219 6,492 7,795 9,342 10,834 10,247 9,734 9,253 7,942
CO Marine machinery 14,086 15,049 14,864 13,290 7,171 3,591 3,929 5,109 5,585
CO Railway machinery 214 245 277 315 327 287 285 228 291
CO Military machinery 35 36 37 38 33 26 24 17 15
NOX Construction machinery 3,463 3,999 4,769 5,541 5,191 4,128 2,621 1,526 748
NOX Industrial machinery 1,235 1,420 1,600 1,903 1,987 1,614 1,097 723 493
NOX Agricultural machinery 4,584 4,904 5,194 5,457 5,309 4,722 3,606 2,503 1,578
NOX Forestry machinery 239 241 262 286 294 288 210 125 61
NOX Garden-care/hobby appliances 25 30 36 43 53 61 63 63 56
NOX Marine machinery 943 954 1,014 1,007 1,198 1,242 1,166 964 752
NOX Railway machinery 435 513 596 681 711 628 537 381 274
NOX Military machinery 49 50 52 53 53 48 38 28 21
PM Construction machinery 274 308 360 413 399 269 98 43 24
PM Industrial machinery 92 108 123 151 164 124 59 30 16
PM Agricultural machinery 388 410 429 448 448 393 311 184 98
PM Forestry machinery 23 23 23 23 23 22 15 7 2
PM Garden-care/hobby appliances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Marine machinery 53 53 56 55 57 55 42 26 16
PM Railway machinery 22 25 29 33 34 23 9 6 4
PM Military machinery 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 0 0
CO2 Construction machinery 218,316 250,471 296,472 342,189 363,777 376,365 383,238 378,836 374,327
CO2 Industrial machinery 86,754 102,517 117,869 146,115 174,286 176,440 170,963 163,493 155,451
CO2 Agricultural machinery 405,705 420,692 433,886 445,558 455,297 455,382 454,081 450,183 443,371
CO2 Forestry machinery 24,451 25,784 28,128 28,783 30,073 31,226 32,747 34,225 36,085
CO2 Garden-care/hobby appliances 17,365 21,677 26,094 31,340 36,126 32,855 30,785 29,268 28,075
CO2 Marine machinery 103,599 108,003 111,882 109,649 112,807 114,834 117,008 116,781 116,413
CO2 Railway machinery 21,032 24,738 28,688 32,428 33,519 35,639 37,768 39,516 39,410
CO2 Military machinery 3,344 3,443 3,543 3,642 3,745 3,592 3,451 3,272 3,104

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 146
A13
Fuel consumption by machine type
Tab. 44 > Construction machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Machine type Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Construction machinery Road finishing machines Diesel 275 307 364 420 440 457 453 437 444
Construction machinery Hydraulic rammers of all types Diesel 76 80 90 99 99 100 96 90 89
Construction machinery Rolling mill engines of all types Diesel 1,500 1,635 1,885 2,136 2,162 2,256 1,949 2,077 2,083
Construction machinery Mechanical vibrators Diesel 221 206 190 173 156 127 113 97 81
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Petrol (2-str) 980 1,092 1,085 1,063 797 677 607 554 502
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Petrol (4-str) 216 263 284 301 248 263 273 286 299
Construction machinery Hand-operated stampers, vibrators Diesel 0 0 145 271 338 339 339 339 339
Construction machinery Hydraulic excavators Diesel 18,192 21,991 26,071 30,422 35,078 36,509 37,882 38,739 37,565
Construction machinery Cable dredgers Diesel 156 173 203 237 253 262 258 247 250
Construction machinery Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes Diesel 2,506 2,838 3,185 3,549 3,932 4,243 4,577 4,574 4,806
Construction machinery Graders Diesel 954 1,037 1,200 1,352 1,397 1,376 1,348 1,295 1,230
Construction machinery HGVs without licence for use on road Diesel 1,712 1,808 2,035 2,240 2,253 2,278 2,305 2,051 1,927
Construction machinery Crawler tractors Diesel 1,123 1,221 1,414 1,598 1,650 1,687 1,553 1,558 1,386
Construction machinery Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types Diesel 23,051 25,888 30,840 35,785 37,794 39,454 41,244 40,063 40,887
Construction machinery Dumpers and tippers Diesel 7,659 8,663 10,385 12,114 12,857 13,493 12,767 12,411 11,978
Construction machinery Emergency power supply systems/generators Petrol (4-str) 251 286 338 380 325 319 311 308 300
Construction machinery Emergency power supply systems/generators Diesel 21 26 34 42 41 44 47 50 53
Construction machinery Pumps of all types Petrol (4-str) 25 27 29 34 36 29 22 15 7
Construction machinery Pumps of all types Diesel 35 45 71 71 63 50 38 25 13
Construction machinery Compressors of all types Diesel 7,484 8,699 10,420 11,884 10,822 10,612 10,411 9,995 9,547
Construction machinery Platforms (for lifting persons) Diesel 106 168 232 298 367 397 431 458 486
Construction machinery Tunnel locomotives Diesel 424 472 557 640 669 724 783 790 798
Construction machinery Concrete/surface milling cutters Petrol (4-str) 1,089 1,136 1,260 1,369 1,355 1,267 1,173 1,098 1,019
Construction machinery Concrete/surface milling cutters Diesel 365 458 613 780 906 1,026 1,142 1,226 1,328
Construction machinery Trench cutters Diesel 29 31 35 38 38 38 39 39 39
Construction machinery Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil
engineering)
Diesel 863 972 1,158 1,342 1,414 1,457 1,504 1,447 1,380
Tab. 45 > Industrial machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Machine type Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types Petrol (4-str) 568 757 946 1,419 1,892 1,886 1,869 1,857 1,851
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types Diesel 7,637 10,183 12,730 19,097 25,494 25,630 25,970 25,934 25,832
Industrial machinery Forklifts of all types Gas 2,023 2,697 3,371 5,064 6,786 6,842 6,874 6,887 6,891
Industrial machinery Sweepers and cleansers Diesel 1,123 1,428 1,704 1,770 1,820 1,830 1,852 1,844 1,831
Industrial machinery Industrial lifting platforms Diesel 2,041 2,596 3,095 3,215 3,304 3,326 3,369 3,353 3,328
Industrial machinery Industrial tractors Petrol (4-str) 166 211 251 261 267 267 264 262 261
Industrial machinery Industrial tractors Diesel 1,120 1,421 1,692 1,759 1,809 1,819 1,837 1,832 1,821
Industrial machinery Snow groomers Diesel 13,244 13,760 14,263 14,754 15,233 15,700 13,531 11,229 8,832

Appendix 147
Tab. 46 > Agricultural machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Machine type Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Agricultural machinery Single-axle mowers Petrol (4-str) 24,801 22,575 20,349 18,124 15,843 15,299 14,775 14,162 13,587
Agricultural machinery Tractors (agriculture) Diesel 91,423 95,838 99,828 103,464 106,709 105,824 104,500 102,699 100,083
Agricultural machinery Combine harvesters Diesel 3,558 4,314 4,847 5,156 5,327 5,341 5,364 5,365 5,344
Agricultural machinery Spraying machines Diesel 787 739 681 616 541 516 485 452 415
Agricultural machinery Field choppers Diesel 440 512 579 648 724 729 740 749 756
Agricultural machinery Twin-axle mowers Diesel 130 986 1,914 2,912 3,976 4,398 4,751 5,048 5,284
Agricultural machinery Transporters and loaders Diesel 4,441 4,794 5,140 5,480 5,813 6,311 6,719 7,057 7,317
Agricultural machinery Farmyard loaders Diesel 205 474 743 1,012 1,281 1,838 2,445 3,101 3,800
Agricultural machinery Chainsaws (agriculture) Petrol (2-str) 3,090 3,277 3,464 3,650 3,700 3,385 3,077 2,775 2,567
Agricultural machinery Tractors (household) Petrol (4-str) 0 98 174 217 211 136 187 216 228
Agricultural machinery Tractors (household) Diesel 0 20 90 229 468 841 1,159 1,340 1,417
Tab. 47 > Forestry machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Machine type Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Forestry machinery Chainsaws (forestry) Petrol (2-str) 2,313 2,699 3,084 2,892 2,673 1,956 1,607 1,261 989
Forestry machinery Cutters Petrol (2-str) 30 97 163 230 286 262 206 164 133
Forestry machinery Other small appliances Petrol (2-str) 116 111 105 99 91 75 63 54 46
Forestry machinery Haulers Diesel 5,012 4,726 4,476 4,158 4,055 4,029 3,971 3,888 3,762
Forestry machinery Pick-up loaders Diesel 0 0 34 150 328 429 557 705 863
Forestry machinery Processors Diesel 3 7 19 28 43 63 86 110 131
Forestry machinery Wood chippers Diesel 105 172 311 516 725 1,153 1,525 1,957 2,453
Forestry machinery Bark peeling machines Diesel 23 47 93 116 116 116 93 70 47
Forestry machinery Wheeled excavators Diesel 12 41 69 94 122 165 199 219 238
Forestry machinery Forestry forwarders Diesel 0 66 274 492 756 1,294 1,674 2,010 2,384
Forestry machinery Conventional skyline cranes Diesel 142 156 174 162 150 154 141 124 96
Forestry machinery Mobile skyline cranes Diesel 12 73 137 211 211 223 279 306 317

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 148
Tab. 48 > Garden-care/hobby appliances: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Machine type Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) Petrol (2-str) 238 713 1,188 1,782 2,311 1,550 959 457 0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) Petrol (4-str) 0 0 0 0 0 459 953 1,470 1,974
Garden-care/hobby appliances Hedge cutters (professional) Petrol (2-str) 19 56 94 140 183 166 153 146 145
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (professional) Petrol (2-str) 0 0 22 126 237 143 76 34 8
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 0 0 0 0 0 17 24 20 7
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (professional) Petrol (2-str) 213 160 106 53 0 0 0 0 0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 573 609 645 681 705 668 627 592 553
Garden-care/hobby appliances Ride-on mowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 247 433 618 927 1,226 1,214 1,213 1,199 1,197
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chainsaws (professional) Petrol (2-str) 942 1,043 1,150 1,262 1,332 1,077 965 852 754
Garden-care/hobby appliances Scarifiers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 0 46 93 201 309 307 303 302 302
Garden-care/hobby appliances Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional) Petrol (4-str) 232 257 282 306 328 323 318 321 320
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chopping machines (professional) Petrol (4-str) 0 17 33 40 47 43 39 36 32
Garden-care/hobby appliances Snow blowers (professional) Petrol (4-str) 232 283 338 338 330 295 265 233 203
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (professional) Petrol (2-str) 0 18 24 15 0 0 0 0 0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (professional) Petrol (4-str) 0 76 160 205 253 252 250 248 244
Garden-care/hobby appliances Abrasive grinders (professional) Petrol (2-str) 151 151 151 151 148 131 110 101 98
Garden-care/hobby appliances Drills (professional) Petrol (2-str) 0 0 0 28 72 46 30 16 4
Garden-care/hobby appliances Drills (professional) Petrol (4-str) 0 0 0 11 49 60 72 84 94
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) Petrol (2-str) 31 94 157 235 307 264 219 179 149
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) Petrol (4-str) 0 0 0 0 0 23 46 72 97
Garden-care/hobby appliances Hedge cutters (household) Petrol (2-str) 2 5 8 12 16 15 14 13 13
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (household) Petrol (2-str) 0 0 1 6 11 9 8 7 6
Garden-care/hobby appliances Blowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (household) Petrol (2-str) 288 239 175 95 0 0 0 0 0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Lawn mowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 1,571 1,796 2,032 2,280 2,524 2,381 2,234 2,096 1,966
Garden-care/hobby appliances Ride-on mowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 27 48 69 103 136 135 134 133 133
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chainsaws (household) Petrol (2-str) 350 350 350 350 342 300 256 220 196
Garden-care/hobby appliances Motor sleds (household) Petrol (4-str) 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Garden-care/hobby appliances Scarifiers (household) Petrol (4-str) 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
Garden-care/hobby appliances Mill cutters/chopping machines (household) Petrol (4-str) 83 91 100 109 118 117 116 115 115
Garden-care/hobby appliances Chopping machines (household) Petrol (4-str) 0 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 3
Garden-care/hobby appliances Snow blowers (household) Petrol (4-str) 320 394 476 480 472 419 370 327 285
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (household) Petrol (2-str) 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0
Garden-care/hobby appliances Cleaning appliances (household) Petrol (4-str) 0 9 19 24 30 30 29 29 29

Appendix 149
Tab. 49 > Marine machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Machine type Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Petrol (2-str) 146 160 159 147 105 85 80 80 80
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Petrol (4-str) 112 122 121 116 107 107 107 107 107
Marine machinery Motorised yachts Diesel 651 713 707 675 612 603 600 599 598
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Petrol (2-str) 9 8 8 6 5 4 4 4 4
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Petrol (4-str) 3,037 2,911 2,783 2,308 2,530 2,468 2,404 2,342 2,278
Marine machinery Fishing & other commercial boats Diesel 1,250 1,198 1,145 949 1,032 1,000 976 953 926
Marine machinery Hire & privately owned motor boats Petrol (2-str) 398 436 433 402 288 234 220 220 220
Marine machinery Hire & privately owned motor boats Petrol (4-str) 11,962 13,112 12,997 12,415 11,447 11,440 11,454 11,437 11,472
Marine machinery Hire & privately owned motor boats Diesel 1,337 1,466 1,453 1,387 1,264 1,249 1,247 1,250 1,248
Marine machinery Passenger ships Steam (heating oil) 1,942 2,196 2,592 3,259 3,454 3,754 3,754 3,754 3,754
Marine machinery Passenger ships Diesel 8,018 7,365 7,526 8,269 9,013 9,171 9,910 9,928 9,892
Marine machinery Cargo ships/barges Diesel 2,781 3,355 4,353 3,310 3,567 3,567 3,594 3,601 3,588
Marine machinery Ferries Diesel 1,297 1,297 1,297 1,621 2,439 2,826 2,848 2,853 2,843
Tab. 50 > Railway machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Machine type Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Railway machinery Shunting locomotives Diesel 5,671 6,062 6,483 7,529 7,944 8,448 8,958 9,380 9,228
Railway machinery Twin-engined tractors Diesel 62 152 247 256 239 254 269 280 291
Railway machinery Railway tractors Diesel 443 1,085 1,776 1,835 1,724 1,831 1,935 2,019 2,093
Railway machinery Service vehicles Diesel 501 555 601 675 733 781 827 865 899
Tab. 51 > Military machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.)
Machine category Machine type Engine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Military machinery Pz 68 family Diesel 85 87 90 92 95 91 87 82 78
Military machinery Leo 87 Diesel 410 421 432 444 456 435 417 395 375
Military machinery Howitzers Diesel 136 139 143 147 151 145 139 130 122
Military machinery Armoured personnel carriers Diesel 275 282 290 298 306 292 280 265 251
Military machinery Other armoured vehicles Diesel 58 60 61 63 65 62 59 55 52
Military machinery Reconnaissance vehicles Diesel 28 29 29 30 31 30 28 26 25
Military machinery Construction machinery Diesel 55 58 62 65 69 69 70 69 69
Military machinery Patrol boats Diesel 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
Military machinery Other boats Petrol (4-str) 14 14 14 15 15 14 13 13 12

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 150
A14
Emissions by machine type
A14-1 Construction machinery
Tab. 52 > Construction machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Road finishing machines 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0
HC Hydraulic rammers of all types 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Rolling mill engines of all types 9 10 11 13 13 9 4 3 2
HC Mechanical vibrators 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
HC Hand-operated stampers, vibrators 430 480 480 472 343 219 146 94 45
HC Hydraulic excavators 132 158 184 213 234 170 84 54 45
HC Cable dredgers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
HC Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes 12 14 15 17 19 14 7 5 4
HC Graders 5 5 6 7 7 5 3 2 1
HC HGVs without licence for use on road 9 10 11 12 12 9 5 3 2
HC Crawler tractors 5 6 6 7 8 6 3 2 1
HC Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types 130 140 165 193 199 147 76 48 40
HC Dumpers and tippers 53 58 69 81 83 62 29 17 13
HC Emergency power supply systems/generators 13 15 18 20 17 15 9 7 5
HC Pumps of all types 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 0 0
HC Compressors of all types 48 55 67 76 69 45 20 12 10
HC Platforms (for lifting persons) 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0
HC Tunnel locomotives 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 1
HC Concrete/surface milling cutters 61 64 72 79 78 63 36 28 20
HC Trench cutters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil engineering) 5 6 7 8 8 6 3 2 1
CO Road finishing machines 7 8 9 10 10 7 4 2 1
CO Hydraulic rammers of all types 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
CO Rolling mill engines of all types 42 45 52 59 59 43 20 14 9
CO Mechanical vibrators 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 0 0
CO Hand-operated stampers, vibrators 1,087 1,232 1,249 1,248 968 926 867 855 772
CO Hydraulic excavators 646 774 907 1,053 1,173 822 425 262 166
CO Cable dredgers 4 5 6 7 7 5 3 1 1
CO Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes 70 79 88 98 108 75 36 20 14
CO Graders 26 29 34 40 40 27 13 7 4
CO HGVs without licence for use on road 51 54 61 67 67 47 25 13 7
CO Crawler tractors 30 32 38 44 45 30 12 7 4
CO Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types 703 768 912 1,065 1,105 763 364 205 136
CO Dumpers and tippers 260 287 345 405 421 303 144 85 52
CO Emergency power supply systems/generators 244 277 324 361 313 308 303 296 253

Appendix 151
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
CO Pumps of all types 26 27 29 34 36 28 21 14 6
CO Compressors of all types 156 181 218 250 225 147 72 49 37
CO Platforms (for lifting persons) 2 3 4 5 5 4 2 2 1
CO Tunnel locomotives 11 12 14 17 17 12 6 3 2
CO Concrete/surface milling cutters 1,030 1,078 1,198 1,306 1,296 1,212 1,124 1,036 842
CO Trench cutters 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0
CO Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil engineering) 18 20 24 27 28 19 9 6 5
NOX Road finishing machines 10 12 14 16 15 13 8 5 2
NOX Hydraulic rammers of all types 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 1 0
NOX Rolling mill engines of all types 54 60 69 79 69 59 36 27 20
NOX Mechanical vibrators 9 8 8 7 6 4 2 1 0
NOX Hand-operated stampers, vibrators 3 4 9 13 13 12 12 13 13
NOX Hydraulic excavators 918 1,117 1,333 1,563 1,580 1,275 851 544 310
NOX Cable dredgers 8 9 11 13 13 10 6 3 1
NOX Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes 138 157 177 197 191 151 93 47 16
NOX Graders 53 58 67 76 69 51 30 15 5
NOX HGVs without licence for use on road 96 102 114 126 114 87 55 27 11
NOX Crawler tractors 63 68 79 90 81 61 32 17 5
NOX Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types 1,251 1,411 1,687 1,964 1,814 1,419 875 457 169
NOX Dumpers and tippers 377 430 521 612 571 480 294 172 85
NOX Emergency power supply systems/generators 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2
NOX Pumps of all types 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 0
NOX Compressors of all types 375 438 528 605 483 367 237 148 87
NOX Platforms (for lifting persons) 4 7 9 12 13 11 8 5 2
NOX Tunnel locomotives 21 24 28 32 29 23 14 7 2
NOX Concrete/surface milling cutters 27 33 42 52 52 43 28 17 9
NOX Trench cutters 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
NOX Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil engineering) 45 51 62 72 67 52 33 17 7
PM Road finishing machines 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
PM Hydraulic rammers of all types 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Rolling mill engines of all types 6 6 7 8 8 6 2 1 1
PM Mechanical vibrators 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
PM Hand-operated stampers, vibrators 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
PM Hydraulic excavators 90 105 120 136 141 97 39 20 11
PM Cable dredgers 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
PM Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes 8 9 10 11 11 8 3 1 1
PM Graders 3 3 4 4 4 3 1 0 0
PM HGVs without licence for use on road 6 6 7 7 7 4 1 1 0
PM Crawler tractors 3 4 4 5 5 3 1 0 0
PM Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types 84 91 107 123 119 80 28 9 5
PM Dumpers and tippers 36 39 48 56 55 37 12 5 2
PM Emergency power supply systems/generators 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 152
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
PM Pumps of all types 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Compressors of all types 30 34 41 47 35 21 8 4 2
PM Platforms (for lifting persons) 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
PM Tunnel locomotives 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0
PM Concrete/surface milling cutters 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 0
PM Trench cutters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil engineering) 4 4 5 5 4 3 1 0 0
CO2 Road finishing machines 867 968 1,145 1,322 1,386 1,441 1,426 1,375 1,398
CO2 Hydraulic rammers of all types 238 251 283 311 313 315 303 285 282
CO2 Rolling mill engines of all types 4,725 5,152 5,936 6,729 6,811 7,106 6,139 6,541 6,563
CO2 Mechanical vibrators 695 648 598 546 491 400 357 307 255
CO2 Hand-operated stampers, vibrators 3,757 4,254 4,759 5,138 4,347 4,018 3,834 3,706 3,583
CO2 Hydraulic excavators 57,306 69,274 82,125 95,830 110,497 115,007 119,331 122,032 118,333
CO2 Cable dredgers 492 545 640 746 797 825 812 779 788
CO2 Rubber-tyred and mobile cranes 7,895 8,939 10,035 11,179 12,388 13,366 14,417 14,407 15,138
CO2 Graders 3,005 3,266 3,781 4,260 4,400 4,336 4,248 4,078 3,876
CO2 HGVs without licence for use on road 5,393 5,695 6,410 7,055 7,098 7,176 7,262 6,461 6,070
CO2 Crawler tractors 3,538 3,847 4,455 5,034 5,197 5,315 4,893 4,908 4,367
CO2 Loaders (rubber-tyred and crawler) of all types 72,612 81,548 97,148 112,725 119,055 124,284 129,923 126,201 128,798
CO2 Dumpers and tippers 24,128 27,289 32,712 38,161 40,499 42,503 40,218 39,095 37,733
CO2 Emergency power supply systems/generators 853 981 1,170 1,325 1,149 1,139 1,125 1,127 1,110
CO2 Pumps of all types 188 227 317 332 310 249 187 126 63
CO2 Compressors of all types 23,575 27,402 32,825 37,436 34,089 33,430 32,796 31,486 30,073
CO2 Platforms (for lifting persons) 335 528 729 938 1,155 1,252 1,357 1,444 1,530
CO2 Tunnel locomotives 1,337 1,488 1,755 2,017 2,109 2,281 2,467 2,489 2,515
CO2 Concrete/surface milling cutters 4,568 5,011 5,889 6,758 7,110 7,212 7,282 7,308 7,383
CO2 Trench cutters 92 97 109 120 121 121 122 122 123
CO2 Drilling machines of all types (esp. civil engineering) 2,718 3,061 3,649 4,229 4,454 4,590 4,739 4,559 4,347
A14-2 Industrial machinery
Tab. 53 > Industrial machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Forklifts of all types 128 145 156 220 283 237 161 107 81
HC Sweepers and cleansers 6 8 10 10 10 8 4 2 2
HC Industrial lifting platforms 11 14 16 17 17 13 8 5 3
HC Industrial tractors 16 21 25 26 26 23 16 11 8
HC Snow groomers 72 74 77 79 80 60 28 15 9
CO Forklifts of all types 803 1,052 1,296 1,933 2,560 2,400 2,190 2,016 1,798
CO Sweepers and cleansers 31 39 47 48 49 37 22 12 8

Appendix 153
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
CO Industrial lifting platforms 35 45 53 55 55 43 26 16 12
CO Industrial tractors 190 241 287 299 306 294 279 265 240
CO Snow groomers 261 271 280 289 295 211 92 48 28
NOX Forklifts of all types 325 434 542 808 973 807 627 482 384
NOX Sweepers and cleansers 44 56 66 69 64 52 37 24 16
NOX Industrial lifting platforms 81 104 123 128 120 99 70 45 28
NOX Industrial tractors 46 59 70 73 68 58 44 32 24
NOX Snow groomers 738 768 797 825 762 599 319 139 42
PM Forklifts of all types 31 42 52 77 97 76 35 19 11
PM Sweepers and cleansers 4 5 6 6 6 4 2 1 0
PM Industrial lifting platforms 7 9 10 11 9 7 3 1 1
PM Industrial tractors 5 6 7 8 7 6 3 2 1
PM Snow groomers 45 46 48 49 44 31 16 6 2
CO2 Forklifts of all types 31,019 41,358 51,701 77,577 103,624 104,175 105,275 105,155 104,825
CO2 Sweepers and cleansers 3,537 4,498 5,369 5,576 5,732 5,766 5,835 5,809 5,767
CO2 Industrial lifting platforms 6,429 8,176 9,749 10,127 10,408 10,477 10,612 10,563 10,483
CO2 Industrial tractors 4,050 5,139 6,119 6,360 6,538 6,567 6,618 6,594 6,556
CO2 Snow groomers 41,719 43,345 44,930 46,476 47,984 49,455 42,623 35,373 27,821
A14-3 Agricultural machinery
Tab. 54 > Agricultural machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Single-axle mowers 1,348 1,227 1,106 985 858 800 690 588 471
HC Tractors (agriculture) 531 545 556 567 552 471 352 237 164
HC Combine harvesters 19 21 22 23 23 19 11 6 5
HC Spraying machines 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 2 1
HC Field choppers 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 1
HC Twin-axle mowers 1 8 16 23 32 28 21 13 7
HC Transporters and loaders 38 38 39 40 40 36 27 16 9
HC Farmyard loaders 2 4 6 8 11 12 10 7 5
HC Chainsaws (agriculture) 1,319 1,398 1,478 1,558 1,534 1,190 840 536 305
HC Tractors (household) 0 5 10 13 14 12 16 18 19
CO Single-axle mowers 23,228 21,144 19,059 16,974 14,862 14,370 13,897 13,303 12,342
CO Tractors (agriculture) 2,642 2,740 2,823 2,903 2,875 2,421 1,774 1,153 748
CO Combine harvesters 105 120 130 135 137 109 62 28 16
CO Spraying machines 30 27 25 23 19 17 13 8 4
CO Field choppers 12 14 15 17 19 16 12 6 3
CO Twin-axle mowers 5 36 69 103 140 129 100 64 35
CO Transporters and loaders 163 169 176 182 189 172 130 79 46

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 154
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
CO Farmyard loaders 7 17 27 37 46 54 48 38 26
CO Chainsaws (agriculture) 2,790 2,958 3,127 3,296 3,393 3,270 3,046 2,880 2,691
CO Tractors (household) 0 92 165 208 208 143 197 227 235
NOX Single-axle mowers 157 143 129 115 101 95 83 73 64
NOX Tractors (agriculture) 3,982 4,205 4,405 4,588 4,416 3,870 2,900 1,970 1,183
NOX Combine harvesters 192 237 269 287 271 220 142 70 27
NOX Spraying machines 31 30 28 25 21 18 14 10 7
NOX Field choppers 25 29 32 36 38 33 24 14 6
NOX Twin-axle mowers 5 40 78 119 154 155 131 100 69
NOX Transporters and loaders 177 195 213 230 233 226 185 131 85
NOX Farmyard loaders 8 19 30 40 47 59 63 61 58
NOX Chainsaws (agriculture) 6 6 7 7 9 13 19 25 29
NOX Tractors (household) 0 1 4 10 19 32 44 49 50
PM Single-axle mowers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Tractors (agriculture) 349 362 374 385 378 326 255 147 76
PM Combine harvesters 13 14 15 15 15 12 8 3 1
PM Spraying machines 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1
PM Field choppers 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0
PM Twin-axle mowers 1 5 9 13 18 17 15 9 5
PM Transporters and loaders 20 22 23 24 25 24 19 11 5
PM Farmyard loaders 1 2 3 5 6 7 7 6 5
PM Chainsaws (agriculture) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Tractors (household) 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 5
CO2 Single-axle mowers 77,893 70,903 63,912 56,921 49,760 48,051 46,405 44,480 42,674
CO2 Tractors (agriculture) 287,991 301,897 314,465 325,920 336,142 333,356 329,182 323,510 315,270
CO2 Combine harvesters 11,208 13,590 15,267 16,241 16,781 16,826 16,898 16,899 16,835
CO2 Spraying machines 2,480 2,327 2,147 1,940 1,706 1,624 1,529 1,424 1,307
CO2 Field choppers 1,385 1,612 1,824 2,043 2,281 2,296 2,331 2,359 2,381
CO2 Twin-axle mowers 409 3,106 6,030 9,173 12,524 13,855 14,966 15,902 16,645
CO2 Transporters and loaders 13,989 15,102 16,192 17,261 18,312 19,880 21,166 22,229 23,048
CO2 Farmyard loaders 646 1,493 2,340 3,187 4,035 5,789 7,701 9,768 11,971
CO2 Chainsaws (agriculture) 9,705 10,292 10,878 11,465 11,620 10,631 9,665 8,715 8,061
CO2 Tractors (household) 0 371 831 1,406 2,138 3,074 4,238 4,898 5,179

Appendix 155
A14-4 Forestry machinery
Tab. 55 > Forestry machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Chainsaws (forestry) 987 1,152 1,316 1,234 1,073 517 348 166 60
HC Cutters 13 41 70 98 115 69 35 16 8
HC Other small appliances 50 47 45 42 38 24 15 9 4
HC Haulers 29 28 26 24 21 18 11 6 4
HC Pick-up loaders 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1
HC Processors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Wood chippers 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 2
HC Bark peeling machines 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
HC Wheeled excavators 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
HC Forestry forwarders 0 0 1 3 4 5 3 2 2
HC Conventional skyline cranes 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
HC Mobile skyline cranes 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
CO Chainsaws (forestry) 2,088 2,437 2,785 2,611 2,458 1,983 1,591 1,351 1,008
CO Cutters 27 87 147 208 263 277 239 201 136
CO Other small appliances 105 100 95 89 83 74 63 56 48
CO Haulers 147 139 132 122 112 92 54 26 16
CO Pick-up loaders 0 0 1 5 10 9 5 3 3
CO Processors 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
CO Wood chippers 3 5 9 15 21 24 13 9 7
CO Bark peeling machines 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 0 0
CO Wheeled excavators 0 1 2 3 3 4 3 1 1
CO Forestry forwarders 0 2 8 15 22 27 15 9 7
CO Conventional skyline cranes 4 4 5 4 4 4 2 1 0
CO Mobile skyline cranes 0 2 3 5 5 4 3 1 1
NOX Chainsaws (forestry) 4 5 6 5 7 12 13 14 12
NOX Cutters 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1
NOX Other small appliances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
NOX Haulers 220 208 199 187 169 141 96 54 26
NOX Pick-up loaders 0 0 2 8 16 16 11 7 2
NOX Processors 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 1
NOX Wood chippers 6 10 17 29 36 43 32 18 7
NOX Bark peeling machines 1 3 5 7 6 5 3 1 0
NOX Wheeled excavators 1 2 4 5 6 7 6 3 2
NOX Forestry forwarder 0 4 15 27 37 49 35 19 7
NOX Conventional skyline cranes 5 6 7 6 6 5 4 2 1
NOX Mobile skyline cranes 1 3 6 9 8 7 6 3 1
PM Chainsaws (forestry) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Cutters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 156
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
PM Other small appliances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Haulers 22 21 19 17 15 12 8 4 1
PM Pick-up loaders 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
PM Processors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Wood chippers 0 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 0
PM Bark peeling machines 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Wheeled excavators 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Forestry forwarders 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 1 0
PM Conventional skyline cranes 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
PM Mobile skyline cranes 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
CO2 Chainsaws (forestry) 7,266 8,477 9,688 9,082 8,396 6,142 5,046 3,961 3,105
CO2 Cutters 93 303 513 723 898 823 647 516 418
CO2 Other small appliances 366 347 329 311 286 237 199 170 145
CO2 Haulers 15,789 14,889 14,099 13,097 12,773 12,691 12,508 12,247 11,850
CO2 Pick-up loaders 0 0 108 472 1,033 1,352 1,754 2,220 2,717
CO2 Processors 10 22 59 88 134 199 270 347 413
CO2 Wood chippers 330 540 979 1,624 2,285 3,633 4,805 6,164 7,728
CO2 Bark peeling machines 73 147 293 367 367 367 294 221 147
CO2 Wheeled excavators 38 128 218 295 384 519 627 690 751
CO2 Forestry forwarders 0 207 865 1,551 2,381 4,075 5,273 6,333 7,510
CO2 Conventional skyline cranes 446 492 547 510 472 486 445 390 303
CO2 Mobile skyline cranes 38 231 431 665 664 702 878 965 999
A14-5 Garden-care/hobby appliances
Tab. 56 > Garden-care/hobby appliances: emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) 101 304 507 760 943 513 285 199 138
HC Hedge cutters (professional) 8 24 40 60 75 51 31 17 10
HC Blowers (professional) 0 0 9 54 98 49 20 7 1
HC Lawn mowers (professional) 121 100 79 58 36 31 21 18 13
HC Ride-on mowers (professional) 13 24 34 50 66 58 36 29 22
HC Chainsaws (professional) 402 445 491 538 538 295 209 117 48
HC Scarifiers (professional) 0 3 5 11 17 15 11 10 8
HC Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional) 13 14 15 17 18 16 11 10 8
HC Chopping machines (professional) 0 2 3 4 5 4 3 3 2
HC Snow blowers (professional) 24 29 35 35 34 29 24 20 15
HC Cleaning appliances (professional) 0 16 27 28 26 25 22 21 18
HC Abrasive grinders (professional) 65 65 65 65 61 43 20 11 7
HC Drills (professional) 0 0 0 13 34 18 13 9 6

Appendix 157
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) 13 39 65 98 125 95 62 37 22
HC Hedge cutters (household) 1 2 3 5 6 5 4 2 1
HC Blowers (household) 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 1 1
HC Lawn mowers (household) 195 186 170 148 119 106 84 67 52
HC Ride-on mowers (household) 1 2 3 5 6 6 5 4 3
HC Chainsaws (household) 146 146 146 146 139 105 67 38 20
HC Motor sleds (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Scarifiers (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Mill cutters/chopping machines (household) 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 3
HC Chopping machines (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Snow blowers (household) 30 38 46 47 46 40 32 26 20
HC Cleaning appliances (household) 0 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2
CO Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) 215 644 1,073 1,609 2,112 2,004 1,939 1,863 1,569
CO Hedge cutters (professional) 17 51 84 127 167 169 172 177 157
CO Blowers (professional) 0 0 20 114 216 157 105 59 15
CO Lawn mowers (professional) 738 724 710 696 676 642 607 566 459
CO Ride-on mowers (professional) 232 405 579 869 1,153 1,148 1,152 1,132 995
CO Chainsaws (professional) 850 942 1,038 1,139 1,222 1,090 961 911 773
CO Scarifiers (professional) 0 43 87 188 290 289 288 284 250
CO Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional) 217 240 264 287 309 306 305 303 266
CO Chopping machines (professional) 0 15 31 37 43 40 37 33 26
CO Snow blowers (professional) 208 254 304 303 297 267 240 211 168
CO Cleaning appliances (professional) 0 84 166 198 228 227 227 224 202
CO Abrasive grinders (professional) 136 136 136 136 135 131 127 124 110
CO Drills (professional) 0 0 0 35 110 102 97 93 77
CO Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) 29 87 146 219 288 286 283 283 261
CO Hedge cutters (household) 1 4 7 11 15 15 15 16 15
CO Blowers (household) 0 0 1 6 10 10 9 9 8
CO Lawn mowers (household) 1,830 2,007 2,180 2,350 2,508 2,376 2,244 2,102 1,843
CO Ride-on mowers (household) 27 48 68 102 135 135 135 134 124
CO Chainsaws (household) 325 325 325 325 321 301 281 263 229
CO Motor sleds (household) 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10
CO Scarifiers (household) 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
CO Mill cutters/chopping machines (household) 83 92 101 110 119 119 118 117 108
CO Chopping machines (household) 0 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 3
CO Snow blowers (household) 299 366 440 441 434 388 347 306 247
CO Cleaning appliances (household) 0 11 21 25 28 28 28 28 26
NOX Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) 0 1 2 3 6 11 15 15 15
NOX Hedge cutters (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
NOX Blowers (professional) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
NOX Lawn mowers (professional) 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 3 2
NOX Ride-on mowers (professional) 2 3 4 6 8 7 5 4 4

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 158
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
NOX Chainsaws (professional) 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 9 9
NOX Scarifiers (professional) 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 1
NOX Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional) 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
NOX Chopping machines (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOX Snow blowers (professional) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
NOX Cleaning appliances (professional) 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 1
NOX Abrasive grinders (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
NOX Drills (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
NOX Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2
NOX Hedge cutters (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOX Blowers (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOX Lawn mowers (household) 12 13 15 17 18 17 15 13 10
NOX Ride-on mowers (household) 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
NOX Chainsaws (household) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
NOX Motor sleds (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOX Scarifiers (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOX Mill cutters/chopping machines (household) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
NOX Chopping machines (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOX Snow blowers (household) 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
NOX Cleaning appliances (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Hedge cutters (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Blowers (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Lawn mowers (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Ride-on mowers (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Chainsaws (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Scarifiers (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Chopping machines (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Snow blowers (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Cleaning appliances (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Abrasive grinders (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Drills (professional) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Hedge cutters (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Blowers (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Lawn mowers (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Ride-on mowers (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Chainsaws (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Motor sleds (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Scarifiers (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Mill cutters/chopping machines (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Appendix 159
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
PM Chopping machines (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Snow blowers (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Cleaning appliances (household) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO2 Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (professional) 746 2,239 3,731 5,597 7,257 6,310 6,003 6,051 6,198
CO2 Hedge cutters (professional) 59 176 294 441 574 522 481 457 456
CO2 Blowers (professional) 0 0 68 397 745 503 315 170 47
CO2 Lawn mowers (professional) 2,469 2,414 2,360 2,305 2,214 2,098 1,968 1,858 1,736
CO2 Ride-on mowers (professional) 777 1,359 1,942 2,913 3,851 3,812 3,810 3,767 3,760
CO2 Chainsaws (professional) 2,957 3,276 3,611 3,962 4,184 3,382 3,032 2,676 2,367
CO2 Scarifiers (professional) 0 146 291 631 971 965 953 950 948
CO2 Mill cutters/chopping machines (professional) 728 806 884 962 1,030 1,013 1,000 1,007 1,006
CO2 Chopping machines (professional) 0 52 105 127 148 136 123 113 99
CO2 Snow blowers (professional) 729 888 1,063 1,060 1,036 927 831 731 638
CO2 Cleaning appliances (professional) 0 295 579 691 795 792 785 777 766
CO2 Abrasive grinders (professional) 475 475 475 475 465 411 345 318 308
CO2 Drills (professional) 0 0 0 121 379 333 323 314 307
CO2 Motor scythes, trimmers, cutters (household) 99 296 493 739 964 900 832 788 773
CO2 Hedge cutters (household) 5 15 25 37 49 47 43 41 39
CO2 Blowers (household) 0 0 4 19 34 31 27 25 23
CO2 Lawn mowers (household) 5,837 6,390 6,930 7,459 7,927 7,477 7,017 6,584 6,176
CO2 Ride-on mowers (household) 86 151 215 323 428 425 421 418 417
CO2 Chainsaws (household) 1,099 1,099 1,099 1,099 1,075 942 805 692 615
CO2 Motor sleds (household) 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 33 33
CO2 Scarifiers (household) 0 1 2 4 6 6 6 6 6
CO2 Mill cutters/chopping machines (household) 259 287 315 343 370 368 364 362 361
CO2 Chopping machines (household) 0 5 11 14 17 15 13 11 9
CO2 Snow blowers (household) 1,006 1,237 1,495 1,506 1,482 1,315 1,163 1,027 894
CO2 Cleaning appliances (household) 0 36 69 82 94 93 92 92 90

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 160
A14-6 Marine machinery
Tab. 57 > Marine machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Motorised yachts 83 91 90 82 43 21 15 14 13
HC Fishing & other commercial boats 234 225 215 170 106 53 47 52 52
HC Hire & privately owned motor boats 898 985 976 891 444 180 148 181 198
HC Passenger ships 237 217 222 241 232 192 156 111 79
HC Cargo ships/barges 92 111 144 108 103 83 62 44 31
HC Ferries 38 38 38 47 61 57 43 31 22
CO Motorised yachts 230 252 249 232 165 133 127 128 128
CO Fishing & other commercial boats 2,595 2,487 2,377 1,882 1,168 588 626 786 837
CO Hire & privately owned motor boats 10,935 11,986 11,881 10,820 5,433 2,457 2,758 3,805 4,258
CO Passenger ships 217 199 204 223 244 244 254 237 219
CO Cargo ships/barges 75 90 117 89 96 94 91 86 80
CO Ferries 35 35 35 44 66 75 73 68 63
NOX Motorised yachts 25 27 27 26 23 23 21 18 14
NOX Fishing & other commercial boats 75 72 68 58 78 85 82 74 63
NOX Hire & privately owned motor boats 162 178 176 178 250 303 312 305 293
NOX Passenger ships 453 417 427 469 510 492 457 345 233
NOX Cargo ships/barges 155 187 243 185 199 189 164 124 83
NOX Ferries 73 73 73 91 137 150 130 98 66
PM Motorised yachts 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1
PM Fishing & other commercial boats 5 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 1
PM Hire & privately owned motor boats 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 1
PM Passenger ships 26 24 24 27 27 26 20 11 7
PM Cargo ships/barges 9 11 14 11 11 10 7 4 3
PM Ferries 4 4 4 5 7 8 6 3 2
CO2 Motorised yachts 2,860 3,135 3,107 2,952 2,595 2,503 2,477 2,473 2,473
CO2 Fishing & other commercial boats 13,504 12,943 12,372 10,258 11,215 10,918 10,638 10,371 10,084
CO2 Hire & privately owned motor boats 43,034 47,172 46,758 44,623 40,838 40,598 40,595 40,548 40,654
CO2 Passenger ships 31,356 30,099 31,848 36,282 39,240 40,677 43,005 43,060 42,946
CO2 Cargo ships/barges 8,760 10,569 13,712 10,426 11,236 11,236 11,323 11,343 11,301
CO2 Ferries 4,085 4,085 4,085 5,107 7,683 8,902 8,971 8,987 8,954

Appendix 161
A14-7 Railway machinery
Tab. 58 > Railway machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
in t/a
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Shunting locomotives 53 57 60 70 74 50 48 36 31
HC Twin-engined tractors 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
HC Railway tractors 4 10 17 17 16 13 10 8 6
HC Service vehicles 5 5 6 6 7 6 4 3 3
CO Shunting locomotives 187 200 213 248 262 225 229 175 238
CO Twin-engined tractors 1 3 5 6 5 5 4 4 4
CO Railway tractors 10 23 38 39 37 34 32 30 30
CO Service vehicles 16 18 20 22 24 22 19 18 18
NOX Shunting locomotives 376 408 442 520 555 480 419 295 209
NOX Twin-engined tractors 4 9 14 15 14 13 10 7 6
NOX Railway tractors 26 63 104 107 100 95 75 55 42
NOX Service vehicles 29 32 35 39 43 40 32 23 18
PM Shunting locomotives 18 20 21 24 26 17 6 4 3
PM Twin-engined tractors 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
PM Railway tractors 1 4 6 6 6 4 2 1 1
PM Service vehicles 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0
CO2 Shunting locomotives 17,865 19,094 20,421 23,717 25,025 26,610 28,219 29,549 29,069
CO2 Twin-engined tractors 194 478 778 805 754 801 847 883 916
CO2 Railway tractors 1,396 3,417 5,595 5,780 5,430 5,768 6,097 6,360 6,594
CO2 Service vehicles 1,577 1,749 1,895 2,126 2,310 2,460 2,606 2,724 2,830
A14-8 Military machinery
Tab. 59 > Military machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.)
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
HC Pz 68 family 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Leo 87 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0
HC Howitzers 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
HC Armoured personnel carriers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
HC Other armoured vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Reconnaissance vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Construction machinery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Patrol boats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HC Other boats 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
CO Pz 68 family 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 162
Pollutant Machine type 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
CO Leo 87 9 9 9 10 10 9 9 2 2
CO Howitzers 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 0
CO Armoured personnel carriers 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 6 6
CO Other armoured vehicles 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
CO Reconnaissance vehicles 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
CO Construction machinery 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0
CO Patrol boats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO Other boats 11 12 12 12 7 4 4 5 5
NOX Pz 68 family 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
NOX Leo 87 19 20 20 21 21 20 15 8 5
NOX Howitzers 6 6 7 7 6 5 3 2 1
NOX Armoured personnel carriers 13 13 13 14 14 13 13 12 11
NOX Other armoured vehicles 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 0 0
NOX Reconnaissance vehicles 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
NOX Construction machinery 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 0
NOX Patrol boats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOX Other boats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Pz 68 family 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Leo 87 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
PM Howitzers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Armoured personnel carriers 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
PM Other armoured vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Reconnaissance vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Construction machinery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Patrol boats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PM Other boats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO2 Pz 68 family 268 276 283 290 298 285 273 259 245
CO2 Leo 87 1,290 1,326 1,362 1,398 1,435 1,372 1,314 1,246 1,181
CO2 Howitzers 427 439 451 463 476 456 438 410 383
CO2 Armoured personnel carriers 865 889 913 937 962 920 881 835 792
CO2 Other armoured vehicles 183 188 193 199 204 195 187 173 163
CO2 Reconnaissance vehicles 88 90 93 95 98 93 90 83 78
CO2 Construction machinery 173 184 194 205 216 218 220 219 217
CO2 Patrol boats 8 8 9 9 9 8 8 8 7
CO2 Other boats 43 44 45 46 46 45 41 39 38

Appendix 163
A15
Workgroups and their composition
A15-1 Construction machinery
Name
Organisation / company
A. Stettler (retired) FOEN
J. Mika FOEN
M. Keller INFRAS
B. Couson EWI
A. Mayer TTM
H. Schäppi AVESCO
R. Blunier CLEANLIFE
C. Holzer MARTI
H.-P. Staudenmann
VSBM
F. Infanger ZSCHOKKE
R. Debrunner (retired) SBV
A15-2 Small appliances
Name
Organisation / company
A. Stettler (retired) FOEN
J. Mika FOEN
B. Couson (retired) EWI
A. Mayer TTM
H. Heusser HONDA
J. Voser STIHL
A. Lörli SOLOAG
T. Affentranger Husqvarna
H. Kahi Briggs & Stratton
A15-3 Forestry machinery
Name
Organisation / company
B. Couson (retired) EWI
A. Mayer TTM
P. Wiss VSFU
O. Thees WSL

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 164
A15-4 Agricultural machinery
Name
Organisation / company
H. Ammann ART
B. Couson (retired) EWI
J. G. Fischer SVLT
U. Hofer SLV
S. Hatz (retired) OZD
M. Landis ART
A. Mayer TTM
E. Stadler ART
U. Wolfensberger ART
A15-5 Engine specialists
Name
Organisation / company
C. Bach EMPA
F. Jaussi TECMOT
M. Landis ART
M. Signer IVECO

Index 165
> Index
Definitions
Emission factor
Emission relative to units of activity (e. g. emission per covered distance
[g per km], per operation [g per kWh] or per fuel consumption
[g per kg]).
Load factor
Proportion of effective to rated power of an engine.
Machine category
In this report, non-road machines and appliances have been divided into
eight main categories: construction machinery, industrial machinery,
agricultural machinery, forestry machinery, garden-care/hobby
appliances, marine machinery, railway machinery, military machinery
(cf. Appendix 2).
Machine type
Type of machine within a category (e. g. construction machinery is
divided into hydraulic excavators, tyred/mobile cranes, loaders,
dumpers, trenching machines, pumps, etc.) (cf. Appendix 2).
Machine segment
Sub-division within a machine type (e. g. hydraulic excavators with
diesel engines with an engine power greater than 37 kW).
Machine sub-segment
Sub-division of a machine segment, encompassing machines with a
similar year of manufacture (according to emission stages).
Non-road segment
Refers to all mobile machines and appliances equipped with a
combustion engine and which are not intended for the purpose of
transporting passengers and goods by road.
(NB: here the term “non-road” does not include heavy passenger
vehicles, which are often referred to as offroaders or all-terrain
vehicles).
Abbreviations
ART
Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon research group
CO
Carbon monoxide
CO 2
Carbon dioxide
CORINAIR
Core Inventory of Air Emissions
DB
Deutsch Bahn (German Railways)
EEA
European Environment Agency
EFKO
Swiss Federal Vehicle Inspection Office
EMPA
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research,
Dübendorf
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency (USA)
EU
European Union
EU I, II, IIIA, IIIB, IV
European exhaust standards for non-road mobile machinery
FAT
Swiss Federal Research Station for Agricultural Economics and
Engineering, Tänikon
FOEN
Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (renamed at the beginning of
2006 – formerly Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and
Landscape [SAEFL])
FSO
Swiss Federal Statistical Office
HC
Hydrocarbons
IFEU
Institute for Energy and Environment Research, Heidelberg (Germany)
NO x
Nitrogen oxides

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 166
PM
Particulate matter
SAEFL
Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape
(now FOEN – name was changed at the end of 2005)
SAV
Ordinance on exhaust emissions from ship and boat engines on
Switzerland’s bodies of water
SBB
Swiss Federal Railways
SBV
Swiss Association of Master Builders
SFOE
Swiss Federal Office of Energy
UIC
Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer (International Railway Union)
Figures
Fig. 1
Non-road pollutant emissions in 2005 11
Fig. 2
Relative development of non-road pollutant emissions versus
the levels recorded in 2005 12
Fig. 3
Example of classification structure of non-road database based
on composition of a machine/appliance segment 18
Fig. 4
Inventory model based on the example of road finishing
machines (construction machinery) 20
Fig. 5
Reduction of annual operating hours of a machine depending on
age 21
Fig. 6
Age distribution of inventories and operating hours for hydraulic
excavators and dumpers 22
Fig. 7
Comparison between emission limit values and emission factors 30
Fig. 8
Emission factors for diesel engines by emission stage 31
Fig. 9
Derivation of a sub-segment from main segment and emission
stage 33
Fig. 10
Depiction of emission stages for road finishing machines
(construction machinery) 33
Fig. 11
Inventories in 2005 by machine category 38
Fig. 12
Development of inventories by machine category from 1980 to
2020 39
Fig. 13
Development of inventories by engine type 40
Fig. 14
Development of inventory of machines with diesel engines by
engine-power class 40
Fig. 15
Average operating hours per machine/appliance per year 41
Fig. 16
Breakdown of operating hours 42
Fig. 17
Development of operating hours of non-road
machines/appliances 43
Fig. 18
Development of operating hours per machine/appliance per year 43
Fig. 19
Development of operating hours of diesel machines by enginepower
class 44
Fig. 20
Anticipated development of inventory of machines equipped or
retrofitted with a particle filter 45
Fig. 21
Construction machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of
operating hours 47
Fig. 22
Industrial machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of
operating hours 49
Fig. 23
Agricultural machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of
operating hours 51

Index 167
Fig. 24
Forestry machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of
operating hours 53
Fig. 25
Garden-care/hobby appliances: inventories in 2005 and
development of operating hours 55
Fig. 26
Marine machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of
operating hours 57
Fig. 27
Railway machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of
operating hours 59
Fig. 28
Military machinery: inventories in 2005 and development of
operating hours 61
Fig. 29
NON-ROAD fuel consumption in 2005 in tonnes p.a. 62
Fig. 30
Development of non-road fuel consumption 63
Fig. 31
Non-road pollutant emissions in 2005 65
Fig. 32
Relative development of non-road pollutant emissions compared
with 2005 levels 66
Fig. 33
Development of pollutant emissions 67
Fig. 34
Age distribution of construction and agricultural machinery 68
Fig. 35
Development of non-road CO 2 emissions 69
Fig. 36
Construction machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and
chronological development 71
Fig. 37
Construction machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological
development 73
Fig. 38
Industrial machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and
chronological development 75
Fig. 39
Industrial machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological
development 77
Fig. 40
Agricultural machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and
chronological development 79
Fig. 41
Agricultural machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological
development 81
Fig. 42
Forestry machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological
development 83
Fig. 43
Forestry machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological
development 85
Fig. 44
Garden-care/hobby appliances: fuel consumption in 2005 and
chronological development 87
Fig. 45
Garden-care/hobby appliances: emissions in 2005 and
chronological development 89
Fig. 46
Marine machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological
development 91
Fig. 47
Marine machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological
development 93
Fig. 48
Railway machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological
development 95
Fig. 49
Railway machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological
development 97
Fig. 50
Military machinery: fuel consumption in 2005 and chronological
development 99
Fig. 51
Military machinery: emissions in 2005 and chronological
development 101
Fig. 52
Construction and agricultural machinery: particle emissions in
2005 and chronological development 104

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 168
Fig. 53 Tab. 10
Comparison of inventories and operating hours 108 Non-road inventories and operating hours for 2005 42
Fig. 54 Tab. 11
Comparison between fuel consumption according to the new
Non-road emissions and fuel consumption in 2005 65
non-road inventory and the figures presented in Report 49 for
2005 110 Tab. 12
Comparison between non-road segment and road traffic in 2005 103
Fig. 55
Comparison between the pollutant emissions in the new nonroad
inventory and the anticipated levels in the supplement to
Comparison between specific pollutant emissions from non-road
Tab. 13
Report 49 (EWI 2000) for 2005 112 machines and road vehicles in 2005 103
Fig. 56 Tab. 14
Comparison between PM emission factors and the data in the
Comparison with emission and consumption factors in Report 49
Emission Inventory Guidebook 114 (in g per kwh) 106
Tables
Tab. 15
Consumption-specific emission factors for construction and
agricultural machinery in g per kg of fuel consumption
compared with the levels in the Emission Inventory Guidebook 113
Tab. 1
Inventories, operating hours, fuel and energy consumption of
Tab. 16
Categories and types of non-road machines 118
non-road segment in 2005 9
Tab. 2
Non-road pollutant emissions in 2005 11
Tab. 3
Comparison between non-road segment and road traffic in 2005 13
Tab. 17
EU emission limit values for non-road diesel machines (in g per
kWh) 119
Tab. 18
Year of introduction of emission limit values for non-road diesel
machines 120
Tab. 4
EU emission limit values for non-road diesel machines (in g per
kWh) 24
Tab. 19
Emission limit values for small petrol-powered appliances in g
per kWh 121
Tab. 5
Year of entry into force of EU emission limit values for diesel
engines 24
Tab. 20
Emission limit values for diesel-powered ships (in g per kWh) 122
Tab. 6
Comparison between data from the three sources and the
emission factors specified by engine specialists (PM emission
levels only) 28
Tab. 21
Emission limit values for diesel-powered boats (in g per kWh) 123
Tab. 22
Emission limit values for petrol-powered boats (in g per kWh) 124
Tab. 7
Emission levels of two railway machines widely used by Swiss
Federal Railways (SBB) 32
Tab. 23
Emission limit values for railway vehicles (in g per kWh) 125
Tab. 8
Dynamic operation factors for certain diesel machine types 35
Tab. 9
Deterioration factors 36
Tab. 24
Emission factors for non-road diesel machines (in g per kWh) 126
Tab. 25
Assumptions regarding introduction of emission stages 127

Index 169
Tab. 26
Emission factors for gas-powered machines (in g per kWh) 127
Tab. 27
Emission factors of appliances with 4-stroke petrol engines (in g
per kWh) 128
Tab. 28
Emission factors of appliances with 2-stroke petrol engines (in g
per kWh) 129
Tab. 29
Emission factors of diesel-powered ships (in g per kWh) 130
Tab. 30
Emission factors of diesel-powered boats (in g per kWh) 131
Tab. 31
Emission factors of petrol-powered boats (in g per kWh) 132
Tab. 32
Emission factors of steam-powered ships (in g per kWh) 133
Tab. 33
Emission factors of railway vehicles (in g per kWh) 133
Tab. 34
Conversion factors for calculating CO 2 emissions 134
Tab. 35
Engine rated power, standard load factors and effective load
factors for the individual machine types 135
Tab. 36
Machine types with dynamic pollutant emissions 138
Tab. 37
Inventories 139
Tab. 38
Total operating hours (in million hrs p.a.) 139
Tab. 39
Specific operating hours (in hrs p.a.) 139
Tab. 40
Inventories and operating hours by machine category and type 140
Tab. 41
Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 143
Tab. 43
Emissions by machine category (in tonnes p.a.) 145
Tab. 44
Construction machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.) 146
Tab. 45
Industrial machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.) 146
Tab. 46
Agricultural machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.) 147
Tab. 47
Forestry machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.) 147
Tab. 48
Garden-care/hobby appliances: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.) 148
Tab. 49
Marine machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.) 149
Tab. 50
Railway machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.) 149
Tab. 51
Military machinery: fuel consumption (in tonnes p.a.) 149
Tab. 52
Construction machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 150
Tab. 53
Industrial machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 152
Tab. 54
Agricultural machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 153
Tab. 55
Forestry machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 155
Tab. 56
Garden-care/hobby appliances: emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 156
Tab. 57
Marine machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 160
Tab. 58
Railway machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 161
Tab. 59
Military machinery: emissions (in tonnes p.a.) 161
Tab. 42
Fuel consumption by machine category (in tonnes p.a.) 144

Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions FOEN 2008 170
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