Child Drowning

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Rate per 100,000 Figure 16: Mortality by cause among children 1-17 years old, Jiangxi Province, China 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Injury NCD Infection UTD Total Unknown Pneumonia Meningitis Appendicitis Malnutrition Epilepsy Cirrhosis Muscular Vascular Cancer Animal bite Violence Falls RTA Drowning Source: Authors’ calculations from the Jiangxi Injury Survey (JIS) 2005. The increased drowning rate in children left in the care of grandparents was a large portion of the drowning burden among children in Jiangxi Province. For children 1-17 years old the relative risk of dying from drowning was two thirds less (0.36) when living with a parent compared to not living with a parent. 28 Relative to children living with their parents, children left in the care of their grandparents were 2.8 times more likely to die of drowning. 29 Drowning mortality rates are high regardless of the level of childhood mortality There is a common misconception that injury death rates (including drowning) are high only when overall levels of child mortality are low. At current development levels in the countries surveyed, drowning rates are high regardless of level of child mortality. The figures above show high drowning rates in Jiangxi, China where the overall level of child mortality is low. The IMR in the Jiangxi survey was 19.2/1,000 live births and the U5MR was 25.4/1,000 live births, both considered low child mortality levels for LMICs. Figure 17 below shows that drowning rates are high as well in Cambodia, one of the few east Asian LMICs that are still considered to have high levels of child mortality. The IMR in the Cambodia survey was 52.9/1,000 live births and the U5MR was 74.4/1,000 live births. 28 Linnan, M., R.W. Jing and T. Reinten-Reynolds (August 2007). ‘An In-Depth Analysis of the Health Aspects of Children Left Behind in the Jiangxi Injury Survey’, Report to UNICEF China, Bangkok: The Alliance for Safe Children. 29 Linnan, H., et al. ‘Drowning rates in children left behind, Jiangxi Province, China’. In: Scarr et al (eds.), World Conference on Drowning Prevention, Danang, Vietnam, 2011. International Life Saving Federation, Leuven, p. 74, accessed at: www.worldconferenceondrowningprevention2011.org 42
Rate per 100,000 Figure 17: Cause of injury death in Cambodia among children aged 0-17 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Infant 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 0-17 Violence Poison Suffocation Fall Sharp object Animal injury Landmine/UXO Electrocution Medical accident Burn Suicide Road traffic Drowning Source: Authors’ calculations from the Cambodia Accident and Injury Survey (CAIS) 2006. It is clear that in Cambodia, which has high child mortality, drowning death rates are high. In the surveys, drowning was a leading cause of death for children regardless of overall levels of child mortality. Regional differences in child drowning Figure 18: Survival plots of childhood (ages 0-17) in Bangladesh and Viet Nam Bangladesh Viet Nam Source: Authors’ calculations, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey (BHIS) 2002 and the Vietnam Multi-Center Injury Survey (VMIS) 2001. 43
Page 1 and 2: UNICEF Office of Research Child Dro
Page 3 and 4: THE UNICEF OFFICE OF RESEARCH In 19
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Childhood drownin
Page 9 and 10: Household survey findings Drowning
Page 11 and 12: Loss of health and social investmen
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION Children living in dev
Page 15 and 16: (iii) Methodology: Most surveys ha
Page 17 and 18: Proportion of drowning Figure 1: Dr
Page 19 and 20: In high-income countries (HICs), be
Page 21 and 22: Table 2: ICD-10 drowning (1997) W65
Page 23 and 24: - had no data reported, or none rep
Page 25 and 26: data from multiple sources includin
Page 27 and 28: A combination of these approaches i
Page 29 and 30: Mortality rate/1,000 Drownng propor
Page 31 and 32: Figure 7: Mortality among children
Page 33 and 34: A second conclusion is that the cur
Page 35 and 36: Cumulative proportion Drowning rate
Page 37 and 38: Table 6 shows the severity of the n
Page 39 and 40: Bangladesh Jiangxi China Cambodia B
Page 41: 1. Drowning risks are higher when c
Page 45 and 46: Figure 19: Resuscitation received b
Page 47 and 48: drowning. It states: “Unprecedent
Page 49 and 50: esult, children fall in and drown,
Page 51 and 52: Drowning rate per 100,000 2.6 LEVEL
Page 53 and 54: 3. EVIDENCE FOR PREVENTION It is of
Page 55 and 56: drowning is a leading but preventab
Page 57 and 58: Mortality Rate (per 1,000) Figure 2
Page 59 and 60: The analysis allowed examination of
Page 61 and 62: Table 9: Number of children needed
Page 63 and 64: The intervention developed a formal
Page 65 and 66: immediate resuscitation is discusse
Page 67 and 68: 2011) has 107 indicators, but does
Page 69 and 70: systems and standards, and manageme
Page 71 and 72: 5.3 STIMULATING AND SUSTAINING INVE
Page 73 and 74: effective against ‘other diseases
Page 75 and 76: ANNEX: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS This pa
Page 77 and 78: STAFF AND VOLUNTEERS OF THE ROYAL L

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