Child Drowning

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Bangladesh Cambodia Jiangxi China Bangladesh Cambodia Jiangxi China Bangladesh Cambodia Jiangxi China Bangladesh Cambodia Jiangxi China Bangladesh Cambodia Jiangxi China Bangladesh Cambodia Jiangxi China Rate per 100,000 Figure 12: Rate of fatal drowning by country, age group and urban or rural location 100 80 Urban Rural 60 40 20 0 Infant 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 0-17 Source: Survey data from countries included, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey (BHIS) 2002, Cambodia Accident and Injury Survey (CAIS) 2006, and Jiangxi (China) Injury Survey (JIS) 2005. Figure 12 shows drowning rates are higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Yet the difference is not as large as the figure suggests since in each country the proportion of rural population is also quite high. For example, in Cambodia only 14 per cent of the population is urban and 14 per cent of drowning occurs among urban residents; Bangladesh is 24 per cent urban and 15 per cent of drowning occurs among urban residents. While drowning rates are higher among rural children, the surveys show that urban children are at high risk of drowning. The need for convenient water sources for daily life means that drowning hazards are prevalent throughout urban environments. Where running water is available indoors, bathtubs, buckets and water storage containers place young children at risk, especially when their caretaker is an older sibling and not an adult. Where running water is not available, families are forced to store large volumes of water to meet their daily needs, and these storage containers become drowning hazards for very young children. Outside the home, urban children are at risk from the many drains, ditches, construction sites and other water hazards that are ubiquitous in the environment. In Beijing, China, the Beijing Injury Survey conducted in 2004, found drowning as the leading cause of death in childhood. 26 The prevention implication is that children of all ages, whether urban or rural, are at risk of drowning and are in need of intervention programmes. 26 Beijing Injury Survey, child injury report. September 2004; National Working Committee for Women and <strong>Child</strong>ren, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Chinese Field Epidemiology Program, China Centers for Disease Control. 38
Bangladesh Jiangxi China Cambodia Bangladesh Jiangxi China Cambodia Bangladesh Jiangxi China Cambodia Bangladesh Jiangxi China Cambodia Bangladesh Jiangxi China Cambodia Bangladesh Jiangxi China Cambodia Rate per 100,000 Figure 13: Fatal drowning rates by country, age group and gender 100 80 Female Male 60 40 20 0 Infant 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 0-17 Source: Survey data from countries included, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey (BHIS) 2002, Cambodia Accident and Injury Survey (CAIS) 2006 and Jiangxi (China) Injury Survey (JIS) 2005. The majority of fatal drowning occurs among males, as seen in Figure 13. (This is also the case for nonfatal drowning, which is not shown in the chart.) Male predominance is seen in virtually all population studies of drowning, whether in HICs or LMICs. As a result, being male is often referred to as a risk factor for drowning. However, while males are at higher risk, drowning rates are also high in females and interventions therefore need to target children of both sexes. Figure 14: <strong>Drowning</strong> among children 0-17 years old and weather conditions at time of fatal drowning, by country 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% other heavy rain floods sunny 0% Jiangxi Thailand Cambodia Source: Survey data from countries included, Cambodia Accident and Injury Survey (CAIS) 2006, Jiangxi (China) Injury Survey (JIS) 2005 and Thailand National Injury Survey (TNIS) 2003. Figure 14 shows for children of all ages, 90 per cent of drowning occurs in sunny weather, 5 per cent in heavy rains and 5 per cent in floods due to annual seasonal rains (monsoons). There is a common belief that drowning rates are higher in the rainy season because of floods from monsoons or prolonged rains. 39
Page 1 and 2: UNICEF Office of Research Child Dro
Page 3 and 4: THE UNICEF OFFICE OF RESEARCH In 19
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Childhood drownin
Page 9 and 10: Household survey findings Drowning
Page 11 and 12: Loss of health and social investmen
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION Children living in dev
Page 15 and 16: (iii) Methodology: Most surveys ha
Page 17 and 18: Proportion of drowning Figure 1: Dr
Page 19 and 20: In high-income countries (HICs), be
Page 21 and 22: Table 2: ICD-10 drowning (1997) W65
Page 23 and 24: - had no data reported, or none rep
Page 25 and 26: data from multiple sources includin
Page 27 and 28: A combination of these approaches i
Page 29 and 30: Mortality rate/1,000 Drownng propor
Page 31 and 32: Figure 7: Mortality among children
Page 33 and 34: A second conclusion is that the cur
Page 35 and 36: Cumulative proportion Drowning rate
Page 37: Table 6 shows the severity of the n
Page 41 and 42: 1. Drowning risks are higher when c
Page 43 and 44: Rate per 100,000 Figure 17: Cause o
Page 45 and 46: Figure 19: Resuscitation received b
Page 47 and 48: drowning. It states: “Unprecedent
Page 49 and 50: esult, children fall in and drown,
Page 51 and 52: Drowning rate per 100,000 2.6 LEVEL
Page 53 and 54: 3. EVIDENCE FOR PREVENTION It is of
Page 55 and 56: drowning is a leading but preventab
Page 57 and 58: Mortality Rate (per 1,000) Figure 2
Page 59 and 60: The analysis allowed examination of
Page 61 and 62: Table 9: Number of children needed
Page 63 and 64: The intervention developed a formal
Page 65 and 66: immediate resuscitation is discusse
Page 67 and 68: 2011) has 107 indicators, but does
Page 69 and 70: systems and standards, and manageme
Page 71 and 72: 5.3 STIMULATING AND SUSTAINING INVE
Page 73 and 74: effective against ‘other diseases
Page 75 and 76: ANNEX: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS This pa
Page 77 and 78: STAFF AND VOLUNTEERS OF THE ROYAL L

Child Drowning

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